OOP

Java Versions
Simple Program
Comments
Identifiers
Data types
Variables
Operators
 JAVA Versions Till now
• JDK Alpha and Beta (1995) • Java SE 8 (18th March, 2014)
• JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan, 1996) • Java SE 9(September 2017)
• JDK 1.1 (19th Feb, 1997) • Java SE 10 (March 2018)
• J2SE 1.2 (8th Dec, 1998) • Java SE 11 (September 2018)
• J2SE 1.3 (8th May, 2000) • Java SE 12 (March 2019)
• J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb, 2002) • Java SE 13 ( September 2019)
• J2SE 5.0 (30th Sep, 2004) • Java SE 14 ( March 2020)
• Java SE 6 (11th Dec, 2006) • Java SE 15 ( September 2020)
• Java SE 7 (28th July, 2011) • Java SE 16 (March 2021)
 A First Simple Program

To Compile:
To Run:
 Comments
Comments can be used to explain Java code, and
to make it more readable.
1. Single-line comments start with two forward
slashes (//).
2. Multi-line comments start with /* and ends
with */
3. Documentation Comment: To create Java
API(Application Programming Interface)
document. Start with /** end with */
 Identifiers
Identifiers are used to name things, such as classes, variables,
and methods. An identifier may be any descriptive sequence
of uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, or the
underscore.
• Java is case-sensitive, so VALUE is a different identifier than
Value. Some examples of valid identifiers are

• Invalid identifier names include these:

 Data types
Data types represent the different values to be
stored in the variable.
 Integer Data types
Data Type Memory size Range

Byte 1 byte -128 to 127

Short 2 bytes -32768 to 32767

Int 4 bytes -2147483648 to 2147483647

Long 8 bytes -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807

Floating Data types

Data Type Memory size Range
Float 4 bytes -34e38 to 34e38
Double 8 bytes -17e308 to 17e308

Character Data types

Data Type Memory size Range
Char 2 bytes 0 to 65535

Boolean Data Type: can handle truth values either

true or false
 Default Values

Difference between float and Double:

float can give you 7 digits decimal points precision. double is a
double precision floating point operation. In other words, double
can give you 15 decimal points precision.
 Variables
• What is a variable?
• The name of some location of memory used to hold a data value
• Different types of data require different amounts of memory. The
compiler’s job is to reserve sufficient memory
• Variables need to be declared once
• Variables are assigned values, and these values may be changed later
• Each variable has a type, and operations can only be performed
between compatible types
 Data types and Variables
• Java  Strongly-type language
• Strong Type Checking  Java checks that all expressions involve compatible types
• int x, y; // x and y are integer variables
• double d; // d is a double variable
• String s;// s is a string variable
• boolean b; // b is a boolean variable
• char c; // c is a character variable

• x = 7; // legal (assigns the value 7 to x)

• b = true; // legal (assigns the value true to b)
• c = ‘#’; // legal (assigns character # to c)
• s = “cat” + “bert”; // legal (assigns the value “catbert” to s)
• d = x – 3; // legal (assigns the integer value 7 – 3 = 4 to double d)

• b = 5; // illegal! (cannot assign int to boolean)

• y = x + b; // illegal! (cannot add int and boolean)
• c = x; // illegal! (cannot assign int to char)
Types of Variable
There are three types of variables in java:
1. Local Variable
A variable which is declared inside the method is
called local variable.
2. Instance Variable
A variable which is declared inside the class but
outside the method, is called instance variable . It
is not declared as static.
3. Static variable
A variable that is declared as static is called static
variable. It cannot be local.
Example to understand the types of variables in java

class A{
int data=50;//instance variable
static int m=100;//static variable
void method(){
int n=90;//local variable
}
}//end of class
 Scope and Life Time of Variables
• The scope of a variable defines the section of
the code in which the variable is visible.
• The lifetime of a variable refers to how long the
variable exists before it is destroyed.
Instance variables
The scope of instance variables is determined by
the access specifier that is applied to these variable.
The lifetime of these variables is the same as the
lifetime of the object to which it belongs
Argument variables
The scope of these variables is the method or
constructor in which they are defined.
The lifetime is limited to the time for which the
method keeps executing. Once the method finishes
execution, these variables are destroyed.
Local variables
The scope and lifetime are limited to the method itself.
 Operators
An operator is a symbol that performs an
operation. An operator acts on variables called
operands.
a+b
here a, b are Operands
+ is Operator
Arithmetic operators: These operators are used to perform
fundamental operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication
etc
Operator Meaning Example Result

+ Addition 3+4 7

- Subtraction 5-7 -2

* Multiplication 5*5 25

/ Division (gives quotient) 14 / 7 2

% Modulus (gives remainder) 20 % 7 6

Assignment operator: This operator (=) is used to store some value

into a variable
Simple Assignment Compound Assignment
x=x+y x += y
x=x–y x -= y
x=x*y x *= y
x=x/y x /= y
Unary operators: As the name indicates unary
operator‟s act only on one operand

Operator Meaning Example Explanation

- Unary j = -k; k value is negated and stored into j

minus
b value will be incremented by 1
Increment b++; (called as post incrementation)
++ Operator ++b; b value will be incremented by 1
(called as pre incrementation)
b value will be decremented by 1
Decrement b--; (called as post decrementation)
-- Operator --b; b value will be decremented by 1
(called as pre decrementation)
Relational operators: These operators are used
for comparison purpose
Operator Meaning Example
== Equal x == 3

!= Not equal x != 3

< Less than x<3

> Greater than x>3

<= Less than or equal to x <= 3

Logical operators: Logical operators are used
to construct compound conditions A
compound condition is a combination of
several simple conditions
Operator Meaning Example Explanation

if(a>b && a>c) If a value is greater than b and c

&& and operator
System.out.print(“yes”); then only yes is displayed

If either a value is 1 or b value is

if(a==1 || b==1)
1
|| or operator
System.out.print(“yes”); then yes is displayed
If a value is not equal to zero
if( !(a==0) )
then
! not operator
System.out.print(“yes”); only yes is displayed
Bitwise operators: These operators act on
individual bits (0 and 1) of the operands They
act only on integer data types, ie byte, short,
long and int
Operator Meaning Explanation

& Bitwise AND Multiplies the individual bits of operands

| Bitwise OR Adds the individual bits of operands

^ Bitwise XOR Performs Exclusive OR operation

Shifts the bits of the number towards left a specified

<< Left shift
number of positions
Shifts the bits of the number towards right a

>> Right shift specified number of positions and also preserves the

sign bit
Shifts the bits of the number towards right a
>>> Zero fill right shift specified number of positions and it stores 0 (Zero)
in the sign bit
Gives the complement form of a given number by
~ Bitwise complement
changing 0‟s as 1‟s and vice versa
Ternary Operator or Conditional Operator (? :)
This operator is called ternary because it acts on
3 variables The syntax for this operator is:
• Variable = Expression1? Expression2: Expression3;
• First Expression1 is evaluated If it is true, then
Expression2 value is stored into variable
otherwise Expression3 value is stored into the
variable
• eg: max = (a>b) ? a: b;