Variable Declaration A variable is a value that can be change depending on conditions or on information passed to the program, for example, we have a text string “Welcome Students!!!” or a variable score with a data type integer with a value 10. A variable can then be reused through out your program, instead of having to type out the actual value all over and over again. In Java programming, you can define a variable with the following form: Data Type Variable Name and Value let say: String User_Name ~ “Jake R. Pomperada” The data type is String which refers to a series of characters our variable name is Username and our value is “Jake R. Pomperada”. Always remember that Java is case-sensitive programming language similar to C/C# and C++. Rules in Using Variables A variable can contain: 1. Any unicode character that is a letter (including numeric letters like Roman numerals) or a digit. 2. Currency sign (such as $), Connecting punctuation character (such as _). A variable cannot: 1. Variable names are case-sensitive. 2. Avariable’s name can be any legal identifier. 3 It can contain unicode letter, digits and two special characters such as underscore and § dollar sign. Length of Variable name can be any number. It is necessary to use alphabet at the start (however, we can use underscore). Some auto generated variables may contain ‘S' sign. But try to avoid using dollar sign White space is not permitted. awe. =u Special Characters are not allowed. 9. A digit at the start is not allowed. 10. Subsequent characters may be letters, digits, dollar signs, or underscore characters. 11, Variable name must not be a keyword or reserved word.Constant Variables Constant variables refers to those variables whose value does not change during program execution. This type of variables is very useful if we want to assign value to a variable that is fixed. For example final tax = 26.7; this example we declare a variable tax with a value of 26.7 this variable becomes constant by declaring the keyword final before the name of our variable tax as we assigned a value of 26.7. Example: import java.text. DecimalFormat; public class constant { // Method for rounding off number and setting decimal places public static float round(double value, int places) | float p = (float)Math.pow(10,places);Data Type This is a set of data that specifies the possible the operations that can be performed on the values, values are stored in memory. Understanding this data ty} to manipulate it appropriately range of values of the set and the way in which the pe enables the computer Primitive Types Type Name | Wrapper Value Range class byte java.lang. integer =128 through +127 Byte short java.lang, | integer —32,768 through +32,767 Short. int java.lang. | integer =2,147,483,648 through Integer +2,147,483,647 long java.lang. | integer ~9,223,372,036 854,775,808 through Long +9,223,372,036,854,775,807 float javalang. | floating #1.401298E-45 through Float point 43.402823E+38 number double java.lang. | floating +#4.94065645841246E-324 through Double point number boolean javalang. [Boolean | true or false Boolean char javalang. | UTF-16 code |’\u0000" through ’\uFFEF” Character__[unit =Java Operators Java provides a rich set of operators enviroment. Java operators can be divided into the following, categories: Arithmetic operators Relational operators, Logical operators Bitwise operators Assignment operators 6. Conditional operators Arithmetic operators Arithmetic operators are used in mathematical expression in the same way that are used in algebra. OPERATOR DESCRIPTION + adds two operands - subtract second operands from first _ multiply two operand 7 divide numerator by denumerator % remainder of division + Increment operator increases integer value by one a Decrement operator decreases integer value by one Relational Operators The following table shows all relational operators supported by Java. OPERATOR DESCRIPTION = Check if two operand are equal = ‘Check if two operand are not equal. > Cheek if operand on the left is greater than operand on the right< ‘Check operand on the left is smaller than right operand > check left operand is greater than or equal to right operand < Check if operand on left is smaller than L or equal to right operand Logical Operators Java supports three logical operators. Suppose a=1 and Operator__| Description [Example && Logical AND |(a &é& b) is false i Logical OR [(a 11 b)is true ! Logical NOT | (la) is false Bitwise Operators Java defines several bitwise operators that can be applied to the integer types long, int, short, char and byte. Operator Description & Bitwise AND D Bitwise OR s Bitwise exclusive OR << left shift >> [right shift Now lets see truth table for bitwise &, | and * a b a&blalb [a*b 0 0 0 0 0 o 1 0 1 i 1 0 0 1 1 1 i [i 1 0e left oper ecifies the The bitwise shift operator shifts the bit value. The left operand spec ¢ value tobe shifted and the right operand specifies the number of positions that the bits in the value are to be shiited. Both operands have the same precedence. Example: a= 0001000 be2 a<> b= 0000010 Assignment Operators Assignment operators supported by Java are as follows Operator Description Example assigns values from right side operands fo = Jieft side operand a a= |@dds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to left subtracts right operand from the left operand at=b is same as a=atb *__|and assign the result to left operand ee += | Mutiply left operand with the right operand | : = | and assign the result to left operand Ae nee ae divides left operand with the right operand 1 J and assign the result to left operand afb is same as a~a/b oye [calculate modulus using two operands and) a%e-b is same as o* __ [assign the result to left operand a=a%b Escape Characters Escape characters (also called escape sequences or escape codes) in general are used to signal an alternative interpretation of a series of characters. In Java, a character preceded by a backslash (\) is an escape sequence and has special ‘meaning to the java compiler. Unicode character [\u3876 (\u followed by the hexadecimal unicode code point up to U+FFEF) ‘Octal escape \352 (octal number not exceeding 377, preceded by backslash) Line feed \nCarriage return Form feed Backslash Single quote Double quote Tab [At Backspace [\y