MUSCULAR
SYSTEM
Mrs. Hiyasmin U. Gutierrez, RMT
Instructor
You are strong!
If all your muscles were working together, you
could lift about 20 cars!
Your body has about 600 muscles
Muscles make up about 40-
50% of your body weight.
Muscles weigh more than fat
Who will sink and who will
float?
Did you know that ?
- more than 50% of body weight is muscle !
- And muscle is made up of proteins and
water
The muscular system is made up of…
muscles
and
tendons
How many muscles do I have?
I have more than 650
muscles in my body.
My muscles make up half
of my body weight.
My muscles are important because
they…
Hold my organs in place
Hold my bones together
so that I can move
Help me chew my food
Open and close my eyelids
Pump my blood
Allow me to run and play
Help me to smile!
Did you know?????
It takes more
muscles to
frown
than to
smile?
What are muscles made of?
Stretchy,
elastic
cells and
fibers
Why do I need tendons?
Tendons attach my muscles to my bone helping
my body move.
Feel your tendon right
above your heel in the back
of your leg.
This is the thickest tendon in your body.
One way to keep our muscles strong…
Eat foods from the
meat group every
day. They are high
in protein which
helps to build
strong muscles.
Name some foods that are high in
protein.
Another way to keep strong muscles…
Exercise every day.
What are some things you can do
every day to help keep your
muscular system healthy?
Muscle Classification
Functionally
Voluntarily – can be moved at will
Involuntarily – can’t be moved
intentionally
Structurally
Striated – have stripes across the fiber
No striations -smooth
The 3 Types of Muscles
3 Types of M uscles
S keletal M uscle S m ooth M uscle C ardiac M uscle
3 Types of Muscles
Three types of muscle
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
Classification of Muscle
Skeletal- Cardiac- Smooth-
found in found in heart Found in
limbs viscera
Striated, Striated, 1 Not striated, 1
multi- nucleus nucleus
nucleated
voluntary involuntary involuntary
Skeletal muscle
Functions
Locomotion and breathing
Maintain posture
Heat production
Form smooth contours of body
Vary in shape (spindle, fan or
circle shape)
Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
· Striated
· Cells are multinucleate
· Voluntary – subject to conscious control
· Attached to bones
· Slow to fast contraction
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Skeletal Muscle Activity
Contract rapidly but
tire easily
Can exert much power
without ripping
Cells are surrounded
by connective tissue
Adds strength and
support
Naming of Skeletal Muscles
· Location of the muscles origin and
insertion
· Example: sterno (on the sternum)
· Shape of the muscle
· Example: deltoid (triangular)
· Action of the muscle
· Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or
extends a bone)
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Head and Neck Muscles
Figure 6.14
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Trunk Muscles
Figure 6.15
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Deep Trunk and Arm Muscles
Figure 6.16
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Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh
Figure 6.18c
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Muscles of the Lower Leg
Figure 6.19
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Superficial Muscles: Anterior
Figure 6.20
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Superficial Muscles: Posterior
Figure 6.21
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Masseter
Elevate Mandible
Temporalis
Elevate & Retract Mandible
Trapezius
Extend Head, Adduct, Elevate
or Depress Scapula
Latissimus Dorsi
Extend, Adduct & Rotate Arm Medially
Deltoid
Abduct, Flex & Extend Arm
Pectoralis Major
Flexes, adducts & rotates arm
medially
Biceps Brachii
Flexes Elbow Joint
Triceps Brachii
Extend Elbow Joint
Rectus Abdominus
Flexes Abdomen
External Oblique
Compress Abdomen
External Intercostals
Elevate ribs
Internal Intercostals
Depress ribs
Diaphragm
Inspiration
Forearm Muscles
Flexor carpi—Flexes wrist
Extensor carpi—Extends wrist
Flexor digitorum—Flexes fingers
Extensor digitorum—Extends fingers
Pronator—Pronates
Supinator—Supinates
Gluteus Maximus
Extends & Rotates
Thigh Laterally
Rectus Femoris
Flexes Thigh,
Extends Lower
Leg
Gracilis
Adducts and Flexes Thigh
Sartorius
Flexes Thigh, &
Rotates Thigh
Laterally
Biceps Femoris
Extends Thigh &
Flexes Lower Leg
Gastrocnemius
Plantar Flexes
Foot & Flex Lower
Leg
Tibialis Anterior
Dorsiflexes and Inverts Foot
Smooth muscle
Lines walls of hollow
organs
Ex stomach, bladder
Found in two layers
Layers alternately contract
Function:
Propels substances along
a tract
Smooth Muscle Characteristics
· No striations
· Single nucleus
· Involuntary – no
conscious control
· Found mainly in
the walls of hollow
organs
· Slow contraction
Figure 6.2a
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Smooth Muscle
Fibers are thin and
spindle shaped.
No striations
Single nuclei
Involuntary
Contracts slowly
Smooth Muscle
They fatigue… but very slowly
Found in the circulatory system
Lining of the blood vessels
Helps in the circulation of the blood
Found in the digestive system
Esophagus, stomach, intestine
Controls digestion
Found in the respiratory system
Controls breathing
Found in the urinary system
Urinary bladder
Controls urination
Cardiac muscle
Pumping mass of
heart
Arranged in spiral or
figure 8 shape
Heart muscle cell
behave as one unit
Heart muscle always
contracts to it’s full
extent
Cardiac Muscle Characteristics
· Striations
· Single nucleus
· Involuntary
· Found only in the heart
· Contracts at slow, steady rate
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Cardiac Muscle Activity
Intercalated disks closely
coordinate activity
Own pacemaker controls
contraction
Can be stimulated by the
nervous system
Muscle contracts
chambers become
smaller forcing blood into
arteries
Body Movements
Figure 6.13
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Left: Abduction
– moving the
leg away from
the midline
Right:
Circumduction: cone- Above –
shaped movement, Adduction-
proximal end doesn’t move, moving toward
while distal end moves in a the midline
circle.
Types of Musculo-Skeletal Movement
Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
Abduction, Adduction &
Circumduction
Rotation
Skeletal Muscle
Bundles are formed by:
epimysium epi = upon
perimysium peri = around
endomysium end = within
Terms
Plasmalemma = Sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm = Cytoplasm
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum =
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Connective Tissue Wrappings of
Skeletal Muscle
· Endomysium –
around single
muscle fiber
· Perimysium –
surrounds
multiple fibers
Figure 6.1
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Connective Tissue Wrappings of
Skeletal Muscle
· Fascicle -
bundle of fibers
· Epimysium –
covers the
entire skeletal
muscle
Figure 6.1
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B. Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles - Gross Anatomy All three layers attach
muscle to bone
Surrounds
muscle
Bundle of
muscle fibers
Surrounds each muscle
fiber, and tie adjacent
fibers together
Divides muscle into
compartments, each
contain a bundle of
muscle fibers called
fascicle
Myofibrils
Cylinder as long as entire
muscle fiber
Each fiber contains 100s to
1000s
Responsible for contraction
When myofibrils contract the
whole cell contracts
Consist of proteins
Actin – thin filaments
Myosin – thick filaments
Connective Tissue Sheaths
Connective Tissue of a Muscle
Epimysium. Dense regular c.t. surrounding entire muscle
Separates muscle from surrounding tissues and organs
Connected to the deep fascia
Perimysium. Collagen and elastic fibers surrounding a group of
muscle fibers called a fascicle
Contains b.v and nerves
Endomysium. Loose connective tissue that surrounds individual
muscle fibers
Also contains b.v., nerves, and satellite cells (embryonic stem cells
function in repair of muscle tissue
Collagen fibers of all 3 layers come together at each end
of muscle to form a tendon or aponeurosis.
B. Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle – Blood Vessels and Nerves
Muscle contractions require energy
Blood vessels deliver oxygen and nutrients to
produce energy(ATP)
Muscle contractions are under stimulation from
the CNS(central nervous system)
Sarcomere
Smallest functional unit of
muscle fiber
Each myofibril contains
10,000 sarcomeres end to
end
Interaction between thick
and thin filaments cause
contraction
Banded appearance
Sarcomere - repeating functional units of a
myofibril
Sarcomeres: Z About 10,000 sarcomeres per myofibril, end
to end
Disk to Z Disk Each is about 2 µm long
Differences in size, density, and distribution
of thick and thin filaments gives the muscle
fiber a banded or striated appearance.
A bands: a dark band; full length of thick
(myosin) filament
M line - protein to which myosins attach
H zone - thick but NO thin filaments
I bands: a light band; from Z disks to ends of
thick filaments
Thin but NO thick filaments
Extends from A band of one sarcomere to A
band of the next sarcomere
Z disk: filamentous network of protein. Serves
as attachment for actin myofilaments
Titin filaments: elastic chains of amino acids;
keep thick and thin filaments in proper
alignment
Microanatomy – Sarcolemma and T-Tubules
•Very large cells
•100’s of nuclei •Cell membrane
•pores open to T-tubules
•Network of
narrow
tubules
•filled with
extracellular
fluid
•form
passageway
s through
muscle fiber
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Specialized form of SER
Tubular network around
each myofibril
In contact with T-Tubule
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
SR is an elaborate, smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
runs longitudinally and surrounds each myofibril
Form chambers called terminal cisternae on either
side of the T-tubules
A single T-tubule and the 2 terminal cisternae
form a triad
SR stores Ca++ when muscle not contracting
When stimulated, calcium released into
sarcoplasm
SR membrane has Ca++ pumps that function to
pump Ca++ out of the sarcoplasm back into the SR
after contraction
Thick and Thin Filaments
Thin
twisted actin molecules
Each has an active site where they
interact with myosin
Resting – active site covered by
tropomyosin which is held in place
by troponin
Thick
Myosin
Head attaches to actin during
contraction
Can only happen if troponin
changes position, moving
tropomyosin to expose active site
Muscle Fiber Anatomy
Sarcolemma - cell membrane
Surrounds the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm of fiber)
Contains many of the same organelles seen in other cells
An abundance of the oxygen-binding protein myoglobin
Punctuated by openings called the transverse tubules (T-
tubules)
Narrow tubes that extend into the sarcoplasm at right angles
to the surface
Filled with extracellular fluid
Myofibrils -cylindrical structures within muscle fiber
Are bundles of protein filaments (=myofilaments)
Two types of myofilaments
1. Actin filaments (thin filaments)
2. Myosin filaments (thick filaments)
– At each end of the fiber, myofibrils are anchored to the inner
surface of the sarcolemma
– When myofibril shortens, muscle shortens (contracts)
Structure of Actin and Myosin
Many elongated myosin molecules
shaped like golf clubs.
Myosin (Thick) Single filament contains roughly 300
myosin molecules
Molecule consists of two heavy myosin
Myofilament molecules wound together to form a rod
portion lying parallel to the myosin
myofilament and two heads that extend
laterally.
Myosin heads
1. Can bind to active sites on the actin
molecules to form cross-bridges.
(Actin binding site)
2. Attached to the rod portion by a hinge
region that can bend and straighten
during contraction.
3. Have ATPase activity: activity that
breaks down adenosine triphosphate
(ATP), releasing energy. Part of the
energy is used to bend the hinge
region of the myosin molecule during
contraction
Sliding Filament Model of
Contraction
Thin filaments slide past the thick ones so
that the actin and myosin filaments overlap to
a greater degree
In the relaxed state, thin and thick filaments
overlap only slightly
Upon stimulation, myosin heads bind to actin
and sliding begins
Sliding Filament Model of
Contraction
Each myosin head binds and detaches
several times during contraction, acting like a
ratchet to generate tension and propel the
thin filaments to the center of the sarcomere
As this event occurs throughout the
sarcomeres, the muscle shortens
PLAY InterActive Physiology®: Muscular System: Sliding Filament Theory
Sliding Filaments and Cross Bridges
Sarcomere contraction –
Sliding Filament Theory
Thin filaments slide
toward center of
sarcomere
Thick filaments are
stationary
Myosin head attaches to
active site on actin (cross
bridge)
Pull actin towards center,
then detaches
Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt
· When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to
contract
· The common reason for muscle fatigue is
oxygen debt
· Oxygen must be “repaid” to tissue to remove
oxygen debt
· Oxygen is required to get rid of accumulated
lactic acid
· Increasing acidity (from lactic acid) and lack
of ATP causes the muscle to contract less
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Muscles and Body Movements
· Movement is
attained due to
a muscle
moving an
attached bone
Figure 6.12
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Muscles and Body Movements
· Muscles are
attached to at
least two points
· Origin –
attachment to a
moveable bone
· Insertion –
attachment to an
immovable bone
Figure 6.12
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Effects of Exercise on Muscle
· Results of increased muscle use
· Increase in muscle size
· Increase in muscle strength
· Increase in muscle efficiency
· Muscle becomes more fatigue resistant
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Types of Ordinary Body
Movements
· Flexion – decreases angle of joint and
brings two bones closer together
· Extension- opposite of flexion
· Rotation- movement of a bone in
longitudinal axis, shaking head “no”
· Abduction/Adduction (see slides)
· Circumduction (see slides)
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