Network Models
STANDARDS
ORGANIZATIONS
1. International Standards Organization (ISO)
2. International Telecommunications Union–
Telecommunications Standards Sector (ITU-T)
3. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
4. Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE)
5. Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
6. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
7. Open Mobile Alliance (OMA)
NETWORK PROTOCOLS SJOSHI
“An Internet standard is a thoroughly tested specification
that is useful to and adhered to by those who work with
the Internet”
Request for Comment (RFC)
An Internet draft is a working document (a work in progress) with no official
status and a six-month lifetime.
NETWORK
RFCs are classified into five requirement
levels: required, recommended,
elective,limited use, and not recommended
RFC level
NETWORK
Internet Administration
Internet Architecture Board
Internet Research Task Force Internet Engineering Task Force
SG: Steering
Group
THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international standards.
An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
ISO is the organization.
OSI is the model.
The seven layers can be thought of as belonging to three subgroups
Network Support Layers
Layers I, 2, and 3-physical, data link, and network-are the network support
layers; they deal with the physical aspects of moving data from one device
to another (such as electrical specifications, physical connections, physical
addressing, and transport timing and reliability).
User Support Layers
Layers 5, 6, and 7-session, presentation, and application-can be
thought of as the user support layers; they allow interoperability among
unrelated software systems.
Layer 4(Transport layer)
The transport layer, links the two subgroups and ensures that what the lower
layers have transmitted is in a form that the upper layers can use.
The upper OSI layers are almost always implemented
in software; lower layers are a combination of
hardware and software, except for the physical
layer, which is mostly hardware.
The interaction between layers in the OSI model
An exchange using the OSI model
Physical layer
The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
Other responsibilities of Physical
layer
[Link] characteristics of interfaces
and medium
[Link] of bits
[Link] rate
4. Synchronization of bits
[Link] configuration
[Link] topology
[Link] mode
Data link layer
“The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next”
• It makes the physical layer error free to the
upper layer
Other responsibilities of
Data link layer
[Link]
[Link]
address
[Link] control
[Link] control
Hop-to-hop delivery
Network layer
“The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual
packets from the source host to the destination host”
Other responsibilities of
Network layer
[Link] Address
“The network layer adds a header to the packet
coming from the upper layer that, among
other things, includes the logical addresses of
the Sender and Receiver”
2. Routing
“To provide routing mechanism to route or
switch the packets to their final destination”
Source-to-destination delivery
Transport layer
“The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message
from one process to another”
“The network layer gets each packet to the correct computer; the
transport layer gets the entire message to the correct process on
that computer”
Other responsibilities of
Transport layer
[Link] point addressing
[Link] and
reassembly
[Link] control
[Link] control
[Link] control
Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message
Session layer
“The session layer is responsible for dialog control and
synchronization”
Presentation layer
The presentation layer is responsible for
translation, compression, and encryption
The presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and
semantics of the information exchanged between two
systems
Application layer
“The application layer is responsible for providing services to the
user”
TCP/IP and OSI model
SCTP-
Stream
Control
Transmis-
sion
Protocol
ARP-Address Resolution RARP-Reverse Address ICMP-Internet Control IGMP-Internet Group
Protocol Resolution Protocol Message Protocol Message Protocol
Addresses in TCP/IP
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing
the TCP/IP protocols:
Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP
Physical addresses
Physical address as the 48-bit MAC (Media Access
Control)address that manufacturers encode in their
network interface cards (NICs).
Example
Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical
address written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2
hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon, as shown
below:
[Link]
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.
Logical address- IP Address
A logical address in the Internet is
currently a 32-bit address that can
uniquely define a host connected to the
Internet.
No two publicly addressed and visible
hosts on the Internet can have the same
IP address.
Independent on Physical address
The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,
but the logical addresses usually remain the same
Specific address
• Some applications have user-
friendly addresses that are
designed for that specific address.
Examples include the e-mail
address (for example,
forouzan@[Link]) and the
Universal Resource Locator
(URL) (for example,
[Link]).
Physical addresses
Q.1 Computer A sends a message to computer
D via
LAN l, router Rl,and LAN 2. Show the
contents
of the packets and frames at the
network and
data link layer for each hop
interface.
Q.2 Assume that the communication is between a
process running at computer A with port address i
and a process running at computer F with port
address j. Show the contents of packets and frames
at the network, data link, and transport layer for
each hop.
