Chapter 2
Network Models
Layered Task:
We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an example, let us
consider two friends who communicate through postal mail. The
process of sending a letter to a friend would be complex if there were
no services available from the post office.
Tasks involved in sending a letter
OSI Model:
Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization (ISO) is
a multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on
international standards. An ISO standard that covers all aspects of
network communications is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
ISO is the organization.
OSI is the model.
Seven layers of the OSI model:
Application layer:
The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.
Services: Computer Application Chrome, Mozilla Firefox
Presentation layer:
The presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression, and
encryption
Services: Translation, Data Compression, Encryption
Session layer:
The session layer creates communication channels, called sessions,
between devices.
Services: Session Management, Authentication, Authorization,
Interaction management (Simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex)
Transport layer:
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to
another.
Services
Port addressing
Segmentation and reassembly
Connection control
Flow control (end-to-end)
Error control (end-to-end)
Network layer:
The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets
from the source host to the destination host.
Services
Logical addressing
IPv4, IPv6
Routing
Data link layer:
The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.
Services
Framing
Physical addressing
Flow control (hop-to-hop)
Error control (hop-to-hop)
Access control
Physical layer:
Responsible for transmitting individual bits from one node to the
next.
Services:
Physical characteristics of interfaces and media
Representation of bits
Data rate (transmission rate)
Synchronization of bits
Summary of layers:
Internet Protocol Suite:
Layer Protocols
Application HTTP, FTP, Telnet, SMTP, ...
Transport TCP, UDP, SCTP, ...
Network IP (IPv4), IPv6, ICMP, IGMP, ...
Data Link Ethernet, Wi-Fi, PPP, ...
Physical RS-232, DSL, 10Base-T, ...
Communication through an internet
Internet Model:
TCP/IP Protocol:
When TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the TCP/IP
protocol suite is made of five layers: physical, data link, network,
transport, and application.
TCP/IP and OSI model
Addressing:
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing the TCP/IP
protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.
Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP
Physical Address
Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address
written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is
separated by a colon, as shown below:
[Link]
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.
Logical Address:
Logical Address:
IP Address, 32bit
[Link]
Port Address:
753
A 16-bit port address represented
as one single number.
Specific Address:
Example: google, Facebook, URL
The physical addresses will change from hop to hop, but the logical
addresses usually remain the same.
References:
1. B.A. Forouzan, Data Communications and Networking, 4 rd.
Edition.
