POST-EDSA TO THE

PRESENT
(1986-2010)
A Presentation by Khale
Cxarzylle<3
President Ferdinand E. Marcos was the last
president under the Third Republic and the only
president under the Fourth Republic.
The Aquino Presidency
Since People Power repudiated Marcos’s
authority to rule (under the Constitution of
1973), the question arose as to which
Constitution should Mrs. Corazon Aquino
govern the Philippines.

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Corazon c. Aquino
President Aquino, though vested with unlimited powers, had
no desire to become a dictator. The Provisional Constitution
contained a Bill of Rights which obliged her to call a
Constitutional Commission (ConCom) within two months.
Various sectors such as the professionals, business, lawyers,
farmers, labor, women, Muslim community, landowners, and
even those from the radical leftist groups were represented.
The delegates also covered the major geographical regions of
the country. Former Supreme Court Justice Cecilia Muñoz
Palma was ConCom President with former Senator Ambrosio
Padilla as vice president the result of this convention was the
Constitution of 1987, ratified in a plebiscite on February 2,
1987. With its ratification, the Fifth Republic was born.

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 The 1987 Constitution preserved many of the provisions of the 1935
Among its important and new provisions include the
Constitution following;
 A single fixed term of six years for the president;
 The president’s power to appoint cabinet members, ambassadors
and consuls, the armed forces (from the rank of colonel and up)
subject to confirmation by the Commission on Appointments in
Congress;
 The power of the president to declare martial law that needs the
approval of Congress and that the President reports on his/her
action within forty-eight hours;
 The senator’s term is limited to two terms; The representative to
three terms; and
 Members of the judiciary, although to be appointed by the
6 president, should be recommended
p r e s e n t a t i o n tby
i t l e a Judicial and Bar council.
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 The first half of the Aquino government was
several coup attempts by the RAM precarious.

There were officers and high-ranking military loyal to Pres.

Marcos. But these attempts failed to get popular support.

Apparently, there were elements in the AFP, like those

loyal to Marcos, who were removed from their military
posts and wanted to grab power for themselves. The rest
of Cory Aquino’s term was focused on turning the economy
around and improving the peace and order situation,
especially with regard to human rights and freedom of the
citizenry.

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THE RAMOS RESIDENCY
Former general Fidel V. Ramos became president
through the normal constitutional process. President
Aquino refused to run despite the claim of her
supporters that as a revolutionary president, who
was placed in power before the Constitution of 1987
took effect, she could seek for another term.

There were seven presidentiables who were vying for

the presidency in the 1992 elections. They were
Miriam Defensor-Santiago, Fidel V. Ramos, Eduardo
Cojuangco, Jr., Ramon Mitra, Jr., Imelda R. Marcos,
Jovito R. Salonga, and Salvador H. Laurel. It was Fidel
V. Ramos who won. The multi-party system and six
rival candidates, however, fragmented the national
votes. For the first time, the country had a president
with less than a quarter of the total votes. But this
proved no hindrance to the new President’s skill in
running the weak Fifth Republic, which was only six
years old.
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Through consultation, dialogue, and consensus-building, President
Ramos sought the cooperation of Congress, the Senate, and the
whole bureaucracy for the implementation of his program of
government. Among the first acts of the Ramos Presidency were the
following:
The creation of the Legislative-Executive Development Council
(LEDA) to facilitate the passage of priority legislations;
negotiations with military rebels, communist rebels, and Muslim
secessionists;
the creation of the Special Zone of Peace and Development in
Southern Philippines (ZOPAD);
institution of anti-crime bodies to deal with crime syndicates,
private armies, and terrorists;
enlistment of the support and participation of the AFP in civil works
projects (building roads and bridges, schoolhouses, and
megadikes), disaster preparedness (including rescue, and
rehabilitation, environmental protection and conservation and
human resource development; and
• institution of electoral reforms through the COMELEC.

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In the economy, President Ramos favored the exercise of free market forces with the
least intervention from the government. The government went for a policy of
sustainable development, strengthening the national economy for global
competitiveness; support for small- to medium-scale enterprises and local community
enterprises. Instead of government subsidies and corporations, the Ramos
government preferred trade and investment liberalization, deregulation, and
privatization. Through the BOT (build, operate, transfer) law, greater private sector
participation was encouraged in infrastructure projects such as telecommunications,
oil and aviation, banking, insurance, and energy resources.

The
R.A.Ramos
7432, government
which grantssupported and signed
special privileges into law
to senior the following:
citizens;
R.A. 8353, which reclassified rape from private offense to public offense such that it
was no longer a crime against chastity, but a crime against a person;
R.A. 8369 known as the Family Courts Act of 1997, which established courts to handle
cases of domestic violence, and women’s desks in the police agencies to attend to
women victims of violence; and
• the Women in Nation Building Law, which gives women equal economic
opportunities in national development efforts, budget for gender and development
in government agencies, and credit or lending windows for women at the Land Bank
and Development Bank of the Philippines.
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In foreign relations, President Ramos emphasized
diplomacy for economic development, political
cooperation, and national security. Under his term,
diplomatic ties with European countries received
much attention. Bilateral labor relations with Middle
East countries, where many of the Filipino overseas
workers are deployed, were also strengthened. To
ease the anxiety of OFWs over the education of
their children while abroad, Filipino-run schools
mostly in the Middle East were set up.

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THE ESTRADA ADMINISTRATION AND PEOPLE POWER II

The transfer of power from President Ramos

to President Joseph Ejercito Estrada was
peaceful and orderly, despite fears of a
failure of election. A few months before
election, a group of Ramos admirers
initiated a move for Charter Change
(ChaCha Movement) to allow a second term
for President Ramos. Former President
Aquino and Cardinal Sin led a rally in Luneta
to denounce the ChaCha move. According to
the critics of Ramos, opposition to ChaCha
proved too strong which caused the
President to back out.

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In any case, President Ramos proved himself a true
democrat and constitutionalist. He unequivocally
declared that he had no intention of pursuing a
charter change and of seeking a second term.
Estrada, despite charges of being “a womanizer,
drinker, and gambler,” won almost 40% of the
votes, with Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as his vice
president. The speedy canvassing and senate
proclamation of Estrada as President-elect and
Macapagal Arroyo as vice president attested to the
democratic processes that were restored by the
EDSA People Power and the statesmanship of
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A former movie actor, turned politician, who served as mayor of San Juan City, senator, vice president
and finally as president, Estrada’s administration was viewed as “a potential disaster” by the business
sectors of Philippine society. But this was not true for the poor masses who believed that his
administration will be committed to their welfare. And to prove this commitment, among President
Estrada’s first acts included:

• The suspension of the release of the ₱37 billion in “pork barrel”

allocations for pet projects of the congressmen;
• the organization of the PAOCTF (Presidential Anti-Organized Crime Task
Force) with General Panfilo Lacson as head;
• the reduction of debt servicing or payment to IMF-WB; and
• redirection of Land Bank and DBP funds to small- and medium-scale
enterprises.
• In his first Report to the Nation, President Estrada laid down his priorities
below:
• Provision of opportunities for employment and income generation;
• provision of food, shelter, and basic utilities;
• improvement of the economy through the acceleration of infrastructure
programs and privatization; and
• promotion of participatory leadership that is free from graft and corruption
and political patronage.
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 Within two years and seven months in office,
President Estrada faced threats to his stay in power.
Scandals involving both his personal and official life
hugged the news. Among these were:

his alleged involvement in number games as king of

jueteng lords;
his rumored mistresses and gifts of mansions;
his much-criticized drinking sprees and midnight
cabinet sessions; and
• his huge bank account under a false name.

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Governor Chavit Singon’s exposé on President Estrada’s link to
jueteng triggered the series of events that led to his exit from
Malacañang. These included, among others, the resignation of
Vice President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo; the issuance of a
statement by the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the
Philippines (CBCP), condemning President Estrada’s jueteng
involvement as “morally reprehensible”; the Makati Business
Club expressing its loss of confidence in his ability to govern
and their call for his resignation. Mass actions followed and an
impeachment complaint was filed against him. He blamed all
his woes on former President Ramos, whom he said was
persecuting him for his investigations of the Ramos
administration’s scandalous and unexplained multi-billion
projects. Not long after the impeachment proceedings,
President Estrada was implicated as the owner of a signature
under
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a false name and a questionable
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bank account. 20XX
This was made possible by the testimony of main witness,
Clarissa Ocampo, a bank executive. As defense lawyer of
President Estrada, Atty. Estelito Mendoza remarked, “while the
senator-judges will yet make their final decision, the whole
nation… which is listening to these proceedings, is already
making a judgment.” What followed was the execution of what
appeared to be a concerted effort to oust President Estrada by
the “Parliament of the Streets.” The sudden resignation of
General Angelo Reyes, Estrada’s AFP Chief of Staff,
emboldened the people’s protests at EDSA shrine. The
President left Malacañang to prevent bloodshed as throngs of
angry people tried to climb the walls of Malacañang while
helicopters hovered above the palace. On January 20, 2001,
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, took her oath of office as the Fourth
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THE MACAPAGAL-ARROYO
GOVERNMENT

The government targets listed by President Gloria Macapagal-

Arroyo in her first State of the Nation Address (SONA) on July
23, 2001 were to:

reduce poverty incidence;

fight poverty by creating jobs, not destroying them;
address the complaint of the masses about high prices and
inadequate wages;
reduce excessive friction in labor and management relations,
working for industrial peace;
control the budget deficit by collecting taxes vigorously and
spending money prudently;
• balance the economic plan to nurture the disadvantaged
members of society and those left by progress;

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 Increase the chances of Filipino children finishing school;
create a million new jobs within the year in agriculture and
fisheries;
strive to achieve self-sufficiency in rice production;
produce cheap rice and increase the number of prosperous farmers;
• Annually distribute 200,000 hectares of land for agrarian reform
—100,000 hectares of private land and 100,000 hectares of
public land, including 100 ancestral domain titles for indigenous
people;
• Develop information and communication technology to leapfrog
the economy into the new millennia;
• stop the increase in prices of basic necessities of workers,
monitor oil prices;
• increase the number of categories of workers who need not pay
taxes;
• reduce corruption in the executive branch… investigate and
prosecute officials… no one is above the law; and
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• enhance relations with pthe United States whose economic2 0and
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 Unlike President Corazon Aquino who declined to run for a second term, although
she came to power through People Power I, President Macapagal-Arroyo sought a
second term on the basis of being brought to the Presidency by People Power II.
Critics say, People Power I was a much broader protest movement and
spontaneous on the part of the participants. In the case of People Power II, political
analysts say, it was an elite-dominated plot to oust President Estrada whose pro-
masa (Pro-People Agenda) and “low moral lifestyle” disqualified him to continue as
President.

In any case, GMA’s governance has not been as peaceful and as popular as she
would have wanted. Charges after charges of corruption and destroying the
democratic institutions by influence peddling (COMELEC, House of
Representatives, the Supreme Court and judicial system, NEDA, the AFP, and
many more) have been lodged against her. At least three impeachment cases
were filed to no avail in Congress (the House being packed with pro-GMA
members).

And as her second term is about to end in May 2010, with elections just around
the corner, rumors of charter change or a possible “failure of election” scenario
have been floated around. The nation awaits the coming events with great hopes
for a peaceful transition to the next
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s e n t a t i o n t i t l eamidst cry for bagong politika
2 0or
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PRESIDENCY OF BENIGNO AQUINO
III
The presidency of Benigno Aquino III began on June 30, 2010,
when he became the 15th president of the Philippines,
succeeding Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. His term ended on June
30, 2016. Aquino, the third-youngest person elected
president,[1] is the only son of the 11th president, Corazon
Aquino, and former senator Benigno Aquino Jr.

Aquino continued the process of implementing the K–12

curriculum in the country that started when the Omnibus
Education Reform Act of 2008 (Senate Bill 2294) was filed on May
20, 2008 during the presidency of his predecessor Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo. He enacted the Reproductive Health Bill,
providing universal access to methods on contraception. He
launched the public-private partnership program to hasten
infrastructure development,[2] and formed a commission to
investigate issues and corruption allegations against his
predecessor, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.

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 Aquino extended the modernization program of the
military for 15 years. He signed the Enhanced Defense
Cooperation Agreement, allowing the United States’s
military to rotate troops into the Philippines for extended
stays and authorizing the US to build and operate
facilities on Philippine bases.

Aquino oversaw the Manila hostage crisis, the

impeachment of Chief Justice Renato Corona, the
Typhoon Yolanda government response, the Zamboanga
City crisis, and the Mamasapano clash.

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PRESIDENCY OF RODRIGO ROA
DUTERTE
Rodrigo Roa Duterte born March 28, 1945), also known as
Digong, Rody, and by the initials DU30 and PRRD,is a
Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 16th
president of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022. He is the
chairperson of Partido Demokratiko Pilipino (formerly PDP–
Laban), the ruling political party in the Philippines during
his presidency. Duterte is the first president of the
Philippines to be from Mindanao, and is the oldest person to
assume office, beginning his term at age 71.
Duterte’s 2016 presidential campaign led to his election victory.
During his presidency, his domestic policy focused on combating
the illegal drug trade by initiating the controversial war on drugs,
fighting crime and corruption and intensified efforts against
terrorism and communist insurgency. He launched a massive
infrastructure plan initiated liberal economic reforms streamlined
government processes and proposed a shift to a federal system of
government which was ultimately unsuccessful.

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BOBONG MARCOS PRESIDENCY
2022
• Filipino politician who is the 17th and
current president of the Philippines.

• In 1980, Marcos became Vice Governor of Ilocos

Norte, running unopposed with the Kilusang Bagong
Lipunan party of his father, who was ruling the
Philippines under martial law at the time.

• Marcos and his mother, Imelda, are currently facing

arrest in the United States for defying a court order to
pay US$353 million (₱17,385,250,000 in 2024) in
restitution to human rights abuse victims during his
father’s dictatorship.

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THANK YOU