Photosynthesis and Cellular

Respiration
How does your body get energy?
EATING!
When we eat,
our food is
broken down in
our bodies to
get energy out
of it.
What is energy?
the ability to do work
What does energy look like in your cells?

In cells,
energy is
stored in
the form of
ATP!
 ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate
One big molecule that is made of 5
smaller molecules bonded together.

Adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups

 How does ATP give cells energy?

ATP breaks apart and releases its energy.

ENERGY!!!
When ATP breaks apart, it releases energy
and loses a phosphate group.
That means that it is now ADP
So, after ATP breaks apart and
releases its energy, then what
happens?

Energy

ATP ADP ??????

 It is recharged
ADP uses energy and gains an extra P and is
recharged back to ATP

ADP ATP

Energy

Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Partially Fully
charged charged
battery battery
What happens to a phosphate bond when
energy is…

Released?
Phosphate bond is broken

Stored?
Phosphate bond is formed
We eat to get energy. How do the things
that we eat get energy?
Remember this?....

Where does the

original energy Producer
come from?

Consumers
 The SUN!!!

The sun is the number

one source of energy.

Plants and algae use

energy from sunlight to
grow and make their own
energy.

How do they do this?

 By a process called photosynthesis.
Photo-synthesis: “putting together with light”

+ +

So when a plant combines the energy

from sunlight with water and carbon
dioxide from the air, it gets energy!
 Photosynthesis has a specific reaction that
happens every time.

OO
O
C

+  +
O

OC OO
OCO

OO
O

Breathe out Breathe in

Liquid + Gas  Gas + Solid

(sugar)

The reaction needs energy from the sun to take place!

The chemical reation of photosynthesis is…

6H2O + 6CO2 + light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2

Plants take in carbon dioxide and release
oxygen.
Think about
what
photosynthesis
is… what part
of the plant do
you think it
takes place?
Photosynthesis happens in the leaves of the plant!

We take in oxygen
by breathing. How
does carbon dioxide
get into the leaves
of the plants?

The stomata!
small openings in the
leaves of the plant.
Leaves have special
parts called
chloroplasts!

Inside each
chloroplast is where
the photosynthesis
reaction takes place.
O O
Why don’t we get energy from sunlight when we
spend time outside??

Chloroplasts in plants
have a molecule called
chlorophyll that has
the ability to absorb
the energy from
sunlight.
 Chlorophyll is a pigment
A pigment is a light absorbing molecule.

Chlorophyll is what
gives leaves their
green color.
If plants get their energy from sunlight, how do
they survive at night?

Photosynthesis has 2 parts, one that takes place in

light and one that takes place in dark.
 Light Reactions
The “photo” part!

LIGHT WATER
Purpose: to take
sunlight and turn it
LIGHT into chemical
REACTIONS energy (ATP)

Needs chlorophyll!
ATP OXYGEN
 Calvin Cycle (Dark Reaction)
The “synthesis” part

CARBON
ATP
DIOXIDE Purpose: to take
carbon dioxide and
make glucose

CALVIN CYCLE

GLUCOSE
 H2O CO2
Chloroplast
Light

Light ATP Calvin

Reactions Cycle

Sugar
O2 (Glucose)
 Sunlight CO2
Chloroplast

1. Light Reaction 2. Dark Reaction

(Calvin Cycle)
Need: Light / H2O
Need: CO2 / ATP
Produces: ATP / O2
Produces: Glucose
Purpose:
Purpose: Use CO2 and
Sunlight ATP
ATP to make glucose
O2
H2O
There is another type of producer that uses
chemicals to make food instead of light.
This process is called chemosynthesis.

Example of a
chemosynthesizer is
bacteria found in deep
sea vents where there
is little light and food.
Looking at
chlorophyll…

Leaf Chromatogra
phy!
How do we know
that photosynthesis
takes place?
 We can see the organelles that
participate in photosynthesis with a
microscope!

Microscope
Micro = small
Scope = to look at
Robert Hooke was the first person to use the term
“cell” when looking under a microscope.

He looked at
cork under a
microscope.
There are many types of microscopes…

A simple light microscope was

the first type of microscope.

Has very low

magnification!
A compound light microscope uses light and
lenses to magnify an image.
Magnifies image 40x

What we will use in class!!!

An electron microscope uses a beam of electrons
instead of light.
It can magnify up to 500,000x!

There are 2 types of electron microscopes

SEM: scanning electron TEM: transmission
microscope electron microscope
Magnifies an image of the Magnifies an image of
surface of an object the inside of an object
 Eyepiece
Objective Lens

Arm

Stage

Fine Focus Knob

Diaphragm

Light Source

Base Coarse Focus Knob

 How do you use a
microscope?

1. Always start on low power!

2. Use the coarse adjustment until specimen comes into

focus.

3. Change from low to medium power.

4. Use fine adjustment to bring object into focus.

 What will you see?
Your image will appear inverted and
backwards!

Image on stage Image you see in

eyepiece
How do our bodies take food and make it
into energy?
Cellular Respiration!

Cellular respiration is a
chemical process in which
glucose molecules are
broken down to release
energy (ATP) for cellular
functions
 What types of organisms undergo cellular
respiration?

Cellular respiration occurs in ALL living cells!

What happens to the food we eat?

1. We break our food down into small

molecules

2. We use the energy

stored in the bonds in
our food to make ATP

3. A small amount of the food

becomes waste
What are some of the things that our body does that
requires energy?

Physical Activities Cellular Activities

•Running •Sending messages to our brain
•Playing sports •Transporting molecules in and
•Pumping our hearts out of our cells
Cellular Respiration is a chemical reaction!

During chemical reactions, molecules break apart

and rearrange to make new molecules.
Like photosynthesis, cellular respiration has a specific
chemical reaction that happens every time.

+ 
We breathe in oxygen and We breathe out
get glucose from our food carbon dioxide

O2 + C6H12O6  CO2 + H2O + Energy (ATP)

(reactants) (products)
Cellular respiration can be divided into 2
main parts.

1.Anaerobic respiration

2.Aerobic respiration
 Anaerobic Respiration

Does NOT need Happens in the

oxygen! cytoplasm of a cell
 Aerobic Respiration
Happens in the
Requires oxygen
mitochondria of a cell
The steps in cellular respiration…

Step 1: Glycolysis
 Glycolysis
____ ___
glucose to break apart

cytoplasm

Glycolysis is an anaerobic respiration process…

cytoplasm and
Therefore, glycolysis happens in the ___________
oxygen
does NOT require ________.
 Glycolysis
(breaking apart glucose)

1. Food (glucose) enters the cytoplasm of the cell.

cytoplasm
 Glycolysis
(breaking apart glucose)

2. Enzymes break glucose into 2 molecules.

This part uses 2 ATP molecules!!

2 ATP + GLUCOSE 2 PYRUVIC ACIDS

 Glycolysis
(breaking apart glucose)

3. When the bonds in glucose break, energy is

released and stored in 4 ATP!!
Glycolysis makes 4 ATP and uses 2 ATP
*** The net gain of glycolysis is 2 ATP***
 Recap!
The products of glycolysis are…

Pyruvate 2 ATP’s
After finishing glycolysis the cell has only
taken out 10% of one glucose molecule!

Therefore, the process must continue!!!

The steps in cellular respiration…

Step 1: Glycolysis

Step 2: ????????????

The next step depends on

what the conditions of the
cell are.
Is there is Glycolysis
oxygen
available to
the cell? YES!
NO!

Aerobic Anaerobic
Respiration Respiration
 Aerobic Respiration

(1 Glucose)
(2 Pyruvates)

The products of glycolysis move into the mitochondria

where they are used for aerobic respiration.
 Aerobic Respiration
During aerobic respiration, 2 processes take place
in the mitochondria.

1.Kreb’s Cycle

2.Electron
Transport Chain
The Krebs Cycle

KREBS CYCLE!
 Electron Transport Chain

Uses high
energy
electrons to
convert ADP to
ATP.

Also forms
water!
 Together the Krebs Cycle and the Electron
Transport Chain make 34 ATP molecules!
ATP
ATP ATP ATP
ATP ATP
ATP
ATP ATP
ATP ATP ATP ATP

ATP ATP ATP ATP

ATP ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP ATP ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP ATP ATP
ATP
 Aerobic Respiration
O2 + C6H12O6  CO2 + H2O + Energy (ATP)

Made in Krebs Cycle Made in Electron Transport Chain

TOTAL PRODUCTS:
Is there is Glycolysis
oxygen
available to
the cell? YES!
NO!

Aerobic Anaerobic
Respiration Respiration
 Anaerobic Respiration
Releasing energy from food molecules by producing ATP
WITHOUT oxygen
Remember, anaerobic respiration happens in the
cytoplasm
___________.
2 types of Anaerobic Respiration

1.Lactic Acid Fermentation

2.Alcoholic Fermentation
 Lactic Acid Fermentation
Occurs in ANIMAL cells when oxygen is ABSENT

Occurs during rapid

periods of exercise
when the body
cannot supply
enough oxygen to
the tissues/muscles
Why do our muscles burn after we workout?

Lactic acid fermentation taking place in

our muscles!
 Alcoholic Fermentation
Occurs is PLANT cells and YEAST in the
ABSENCE of oxygen
 How does yeast make bread rise?

One of the products of alcoholic fermentation is carbon dioxide.

The carbon dioxide makes the little air pockets in bread and makes it
rise.
 Anaerobic Respiration
O2 + C6H12O6  CO2 + H2O + Energy (ATP)
Even though anaerobic respiration is completed in a
different way, the products are the same as in aerobic
respiration!!!!!

TOTAL PRODUCTS: