COURSE

Communication and coding

Lecturer: Dinh Van Linh

Email: vanlinh@actvn.edu.vn
Mobile Phone: 0988791127

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 Chapter 2: Modulation techniques

Content:
1. Definition of modulation
2. Signal representation
3. Pulse modulation techniques
4. Digital modulation techniques
5. Question and exercise

2
1. Definition of modulation techniques
In communication systems to transmit information
over long distances it is necessary to transmit the
information in a form of energy suitable for the
propagation medium.
To do this purpose, it requires a signal
transformation called modulation
• Modulation plays a very important and
indispensable role in communication systems
Purpose
- generate a signal suitable for the channel
- allows efficient use of the channel
- increase the anti-interference ability for the system
 1. Definition of modulation
techniques
You can imagine that the signal
looks like a passenger
Modulation technique is a means of
transportation
1. Definition of modulation
techniques
In mathematics, in order to describe the
modulation process, two functions are used: the
message function s(t) and the transmission
function u(t).
Þ Definition: Modulation is the process by which the
message function s(t) acts on the transmission
function u(t) to receive a signal whose spectrum
is in the frequency domain suitable for the

Þ After the modulation, we will receive a signal 𝑥( 𝑡),

transmission channel.

𝑥(𝑡) is called a modulated signal,

1. Definition of modulation techniques
 1. Definition of modulation techniques

Classification of modulation methods

Based on the nature of s(t) and u(t), it can be classified into
the following basic types of modulation:
- Analog modulation
- Pulse modulation
- Digital modulation
1. Definition of modulation techniques
 Analog modulation
- The information signal s(t) is an analog, low frequency signal. The
carrier signal u(t) is a high frequency harmonic signal
, is big enough
- Classification: 3 main types
+ Let s(t) act on the amplitude of the carrier signal u(t): amplitude
modulation (AM)

+ Let s(𝑡) act the frequency of the carrier signal u(t): frequency
modulation (FM)

+Let s(𝑡) act the phase of the carrier signal u(t): phase modulation
(FM)

=> Frequency modulation and phase modulation are called angular

modulation because both change the phase angle of the carrier signal.
1. Definition of modulation techniques
 Pulse modulation
- The information signal s(t) is an analog. The carrier signal
u(t) is a series of periodic pulses:

Classification: 4 main types

+ Let s(t) act on the amplitude of the carrier signal u(t): pulse
amplitude modulation (PAM)
+ Let s(t) act on the frequency of the carrier signal u(t): pulse
frequency modulation (PFM)
+ Let s(t) act on the phase of the carrier signal u(t): pulse
phase modulation (PPM)
+ Let s(t) act on the width of the carrier signal u(t): pulse
width modulation (PWM)
1. Definition of modulation techniques
 Digital modulation:
- The information signal s(t) is a binary sequence, The
carrier signal u(t) is a harmonic signal

Classification: 4 main types

- Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) modulation
- Frequency shift Keying (FSK) modulation
- Phase shift Keying (PSK) modulation
- Combining ASK and PSK we have quadrature
amplitude modulation (QAM).
2. Signal presentation
2. Signal presentation
2. Signal presentation
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2. Signal presentation
2. Signal presentation
2. Signal presentation
2. Signal presentation
2. Signal presentation
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2. Signal presentation
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2. Signal presentation
2. Signal presentation
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2. Signal presentation
2. Signal presentation
2. Signal presentation
2. Signal presentation
2. Signal presentation
2. Signal presentation
2. Signal presentation
 3. Analog modulation
Analog modulation is the process of
transforming one or more parameters of a
periodic signal according to the change of a
signal carrying information to be
transmitted over long distances.
The periodic signal is called the carrier.
The signal that carries information is called
a modulated signal
Parameters: amplitude, phase, frequency
3. Analog modulation
3.1. Amplitude modulation (AM)
- Amplitude modulation is the process of
changing the amplitude of a high-frequency
carrier according to the information signal
(baseband signal).
3. Analog modulation
3.1. Amplitude modulation (AM)
 Modulation equation and modulation coefficient:
- The carrier signal is usually a high frequency sine signal

- The AM signal has the form

- Consider the case where m(t) is a single frequency sine signal

- mA: modulation factor. For distortion-free modulation,

- In the case m(t) is the sum of single frequency sine signals

- In general:
3. Analog modulation
3.1. Amplitude modulation (AM)
- The spectrum of the AM signal

- Where: m t  F  M 
  
m t  Vm cos mt
- Consider the case where m(t) is a single frequency
sine signal:

Spectrum of AM signal with single frequency sine modulated signal

3. Analog modulation
3.1. Amplitude modulation (AM)

a) Modulation signal; b AM signal; c) Spectral density of one

modulation signal side; d) One-sided AM spectral density
3. Analog modulation
3.1. Amplitude modulation (AM)
 Power of AM signal
- The AM signal after modulation is passed through a resistor.
The power of the resistor is then called the reference power:

- PC-st is the power of the carrier signal

- Pm-st is the power of the modulated signal in load resistance
R:
- If the signal is a voltage:
- If the signal is a current:
- Modulation efficiency: Equals the useful power (information-
carrying power) divided by the power of the entire AM signal
3. Analog modulation
Example:
The AM signal is modulated by a single frequency
sine signal m t  Vm cos mt .Vmax = 50V; Vmin = 10V.
Calculate mA? Vm? PAM on load resistance R = 50
Ohm? Modulation efficiency?
3. Analog modulation
Resolve
3. Analog modulation
 AM modulation circuit
a) AM modulation using diode

Tín hiệu điều chế m(t) và sóng mang xC(t) cùng được đặt
vào hai đầu diode, đo đó vD = m(t) + xC(t) tạo ra dòng iD
3. Analog modulation
AM modulation circuit
b) AM modulation using transistors
3. Analog modulation
AM circuit demodulator
a) Envelope splitter
3. Analog modulation
AM circuit demodulator
3. Analog modulation
3.2. Other Amplitude modulations
a) Double Side Band (DSB) modulation

DSB modulation circuit

3. Analog modulation
Input signal to DSB modulation circuit

Output signal
3. Analog modulation
b) Single side band (SSB)

Single side band (SSB) modulation: the modulation

process that generates one frequency band (upper
or lower band) of the AM signal.
To get an SSB signal, it is necessary to eliminate the
sub-carrier of the AM signal, leaving two DSB
(Double-sideband) bands, then filter one edge by
BPF.
 3. Analog modulation
3.3. Phase modulation_PM
• PM signal form:
Where: x(t) is message signal
kp: rate constant
Instantaneous phase:
Instantaneous angular frequency:
Phase deviation:
Frequency deviation:
 3. Analog modulation
Narrow band PM:
- Using approximate formula:
- (*) becomes:

- Spectrum of NBPM signal:

- Power spectral density of NBPM signal

 3. Analog modulation
- Bandwidth of NBPM:
- NBPM signal generator circuit
 3. Analog modulation
Wide band PM
- Carson's formula for spectral width
 3. Analog modulation
3.4. Frequency Modulation (another PM)
- FM signal form
- Where: x(t) is message signal
kp: rate constant
Instantaneous phase:
Instantaneous angular frequency:
Phase deviation:
Frequency deviation:
 3. Analog modulation
Narrow band FM (NBFM)
- Similar to NBFM, NBFM signal can be
presented as

- Bandwidth of NBFM:

• Wideband FM
- Carson's formula for spectral width
 3. Analog modulation
Comments on PM and FM
- They are more resistant to interference
than AM
- They have a larger signal bandwidth than
AM
• Relationship between PM and FM
• Consider the carrier signal 𝑢(𝑡) as a series of periodic square
pulses with period 𝑇𝑠. The parameters of u(t):
4. Pulse modulation

- Amplitude A
- Frequency ;
- Pulse Width .

Given the message signal s(𝑡) acting on each of the above

- Time of appearance of the kth pulse:
•
parameters, we will get four types of pulse modulation
respectively:
- pulse amplitude modulation (PAM),
- pulse phase modulation (PPM),
- pulse frequency modulation (PFM),
- pulse width modulation (PWM).
 4. Pulse modulation
 The PM signal will have the general form

Parameters:
: Amplitude
Pulse Width

The time of appearance of pulsedepends on 𝑡,

Period

corresponding to pulse amplitude modulation (PAM),

pulse width modulation (PWM), pulse frequency
modulation (PFM), pulse phase modulation (PPM).
 4. Pulse modulation
a) The PAM signal is a signal whose amplitude carries the
message:

• Implementation: sampling signal s( 𝑡) based on

Nyquist's sampling law

• The message signal 𝑠(𝑡) is fed into the sampling circuit.

The sampling pulse 𝑢(𝑡) is a series of square pulses
with period 𝑇𝑠. The output is a pulse modulated
signal 𝑥(𝑡) which is a sequence of pulses whose
amplitude each pulse is equal to the amplitude of the
original analog signal at the time of sampling.
 4. Pulse modulation
b) Pulse phase modulation (PPM).
- The pulse phase modulation signal is a phased signal
carrying the message
- Implementation:

- Input A is signal V𝐴: sawtooth pulse

- Input B is signal VB:
- Comparing 𝑉𝐴 with 𝑉𝐵, we get a square pulse sequence

but with a different pulse width 𝑉𝑐.

with the time of occurrence of the message-carrying pulse

- Passing the signal at C through a multi-harmonic (pulse

width ) will get a pulse phase modulated signal
 4. Pulse modulation
c) Pulse phase modulation (PPM)
- The phase of the pulse is determined as
follows
- Consider in a period: :
- Since V𝐴=𝑉𝐵 at the time the comparator
switches states,

- This is a PPM signal

 4. Pulse modulation
d) Pulse width modulation (PWM)
- A pulse-width modulation signal is a signal with a
message-carrying pulse width

- Implementation:

- Input signal A is:

- Input signal B is a sawtooth signal
- Vr is a reference voltage
- The signal at C is the sum of two signals V 𝐴, V𝐵, it is
compared with signal V𝑟 which gives the output a square
pulse of pulse width.
 4. Pulse modulation
d) Pulse frequency modulation (PFM)
- PFM signal is a signal with message-carrying frequency

- This modulation method is considered to be

equivalent to pulse width modulation.
- The PFM signal:
5. Types of digital modulation
Mathematical form
 6.2 ASK modulation

ASK is the process of taking '1' and '0' bits to change the
amplitude of the carrier signal (frequency and phase do not
change).
For example:
‘0’=> vc1(t)=Vcm1 sin(2πfct+1800); Exists for 1 bit period
‘1’ => vc2(t)=Vcm2 sin(2πfct+1800); Exists for 1 bit period
Assuming Vcm2 > Vcm1;
In some cases, we can choose Vcm1 = 0.
 6.2 ASK modulation
Generate ASK signal :
 Binary Amplitude Shift Keying
Binary Amplitude shift keying (BASK) is a Modulation that mirrors the digital
data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave.

The signal of BASK modulation is defined as follows:

Where: A is constant, m(t) = 0 or 1, fc is carrier frequency

a> Original binary signal b> BASK modulation

 M-ASK modulation
 ASK can be modulated with 2 or M levels, called M-ASK with M=2l .
Then each state of the signal is called 1 baud.
 M-ASK modulation is defined as follows:

Example for case M=4, with binary string of 00 01 10 11

4 signal amplitude -3,

-1, 1, 3
Spectral representation of ASK

BW = Nbaud = Rbaud
The bandwidth varies according to the transmission mode
- Simplex mode (Line with 1 transmission direction): the bandwidth of
the transmission line is at least equal to the bandwidth of the signal.
BWsystem = BWtransmission line = Bwsignal
- Half duplex (The transmission line has 2 directions of transmission
but not at the same time): the bandwidth of the transmission line is at
least equal to the bandwidth of the signal
BWsystem = BWtransmission line = BWsignal = BW each direction
- Full duplex: The transmission line has 2 directions of transmission
at the same time
BWsystem = BWtransmission line = 2.Bwsignal + BW guard
BW guard: Guard interval between 2 directions (ideally zero)
Exercise 1: Let the bandwidth of ASK data transmission system be 10 kHz (fmin=1 kHz
and fmax=11 kHz), duplex transmission mode. Assume there is no frequency gap
between the two directions (BWguard=0).
a. Draw the spectrum of the ASK system above.
b. Calculate the bandwidth of each direction.
c. Calculate carrier frequency in each direction (forward and reverse direction).

a. Draw the ASK spectrum of the duplex system

b. Calculate the bandwidth of each direction.

Do Since the ASK system is full duplex therefore: BWsystem = 2. Bweach direction + BWguard
=> Bweach direction = BW ASK signal = (1/2). BWsystem = 10kHz / 2 = 5kHz = 5.000 Hz
 c. Calculate carrier frequency in each direction (fc2= forward
direction và fc1= inverse direction ). Amplitude
Minimum bandwidth = Nbaud

Frequency

f C1
fC1 – R baud/2 fC1 + Rbaud/2

fmin = fc1 – Rbaud /2 = fc1 – BWASK/2 = fc1 – Bweach direction /2

=> fcreverse direction = fc1 = fmin+ (1/2). Bweach direction = 1.000 +
5.000/2 = 3500 Hz Amplitude
Minimum bandwidth = Nbaud

+ fc2 forward frequency: Frequency

f C2
fC2 – R baud/2 fC2 + Rbaud/2

fmax = fc2 + Rbaud /2 = fc2 + BWASK/2 = fc2 + Bweach direction /2

=> fcforward direction = fc2 = fmax - (1/2). Bweach direction = 11.000 - 5.000/2
= 8500 Hz
Amplitude
fC reverse direction fC forward direction

Frequency
1000 3500 6000 8500 11.000
Exercise 2: Given a digital signal 01010, bit rate 5 bps,
modulated by ASK method. The carrier frequency f c = 20Hz.
Amplitude for bit '1' is 5V, amplitude for bit '0' is 2V. The initial
phase of the carrier is 1800.
a, Draw ASK signal
b, Is the ASK signal a harmonic signal? Explain?
c, Calculate Baud rate
Resolve:
a, Draw ASK signal
‘0’ => vc1(t)=2. sin(2π.20t+1800) V; Exists for 1 bit period
‘1’ => vc2(t)=5 sin(2π.20t+1800) V; Exists for 1 bit period
Bit period: Tb=1/ Rb=1/5 = 200ms
Carrier signal period: Tc=1/ fc=1/20 = 50ms
Therefore: Tb= 4 Tc => 1 bit period contains 4 carrier signal period

b, The ASK signal is not a harmonic signal. Because there are 2 amplitudes
c, baud rate: Rbaud = Nbaud = 5 baud/s
Exercise 3: Given a digital signal 01010, bit rate 5 bps,
modulated by ASK method. The carrier frequency f c = 20Hz.
Amplitude for bit '1' is 5V, amplitude for bit '0' is 2V. The initial
phase of the carrier is 1800.
a, Calculate baudrate
b, Calculate bandwidth of ASK signal
b, Draw ASK spectrum
Resolve:
A, You have to draw again the ASK signal as exercise 2

Rbaud= Rbit=5 baud/s

B, Bandwidth of ASK signal
BW = Rbaud=5 (Hz);
C, Spectrum of ASK
Exercise 4: Calculate the bandwidth of the ASK signal transmission system with a bit
rate of 2 kbps. We implement in Half-duplex transmission mode
Resolve: In half duplex mode: BW system = BW each direction
In ASK signal: Rbit = Rbaud x1 = Rbaud
Þ BW each direction = Rbaud = Rbit = 2 kHz
Þ The minimum bandwidth of system: BW system = 2 kHz
Exercise 5: Given an ASK signal with a bandwidth of 5kHz, calculate the bit rate
and baud rate
Resolve: ASK modulation: Rbit = Rbaud
BWASK = Rbaud
Þ Rbit = 5kbps
Þ Rbaud = 5000 baud/s
 6.3 Frequency shift keying (FSK)

FSK A method by which the frequency of the carrier signal

changes to represent the '1' and '0' bits (amplitude and phase
unchanged).
Bit ‘0’ => corresponding to the carrier wave v c1(t) = Vcm
sin(2πfc1t+1800); Exists in 1 bit period
Bit ‘1’ => corresponding to the carrier wave v c2(t) = Vcm
sin(2πfc2t+1800); Exists in 1 bit period
6.3 FSK
 FSK (Frequency shift keying)
Logic 0 is represented by a wave at a specific frequency, and logic 1 is represented by a
wave at a different frequency
FSK demodulation
Relationship between baud rate and bandwidth in FSK

Spectral representation of FSK

Exercise: Given a digital signal 01101, bit rate 5 bps, modulated by
FSK method. Carrier amplitude is 5V, frequency for bit '1' is 20Hz,
frequency for bit '0' is 10Hz and initial phase of carrier is 180 0.
a. Draw the FSK signal.
b. Calculate Baud rate.
c. Is the FSK signal a harmonic signal? Explain
Resolve: a. Draw the FSK signal
‘0’ vc1(t) = Vcm sin(2πfc1t+1800)=5sin(2π.10t+1800) V; Exists for 1
bit cycle.
‘1’ vc2(t) = Vcm sin(2πfc2t+1800)=5sin(2π.20t+1800) V; Exists for 1
bit cycle.
Bit cycle Tb=1/ Rb=1/5 = 200ms
Cycle carrier bit ‘0’; Tc1=1/ fc1=1/10 =0,1s= 100ms
Cycle carrier bit‘1’; Tc2=1/ fc2=1/20 = =0,05s= 50ms
=> Tb= 2Tc1 =4Tc2  1 bit cycle contains 2 cycle carrier fc1 and 4 cycle
carrier fc2.
 Bit rate : 5 Baud rate : 5
Amplitude
1 bit 1 bit 1 bit 1 bit 1 bit
0 1 1 0 1
Tc1=0,1s Tc2=0,05s

Time

1 baud
1 baud 1 baud 1 baud 1 baud
Tb=0,2s Tb=0,2s
1 second

c, The FSK signal is not a harmonic signal. Because the frequency changes.
 6.4 Phase shift keying (PSK)
PSK (phase shift keying): The phase of
the carrier changes to represent the '1'
and '0' bits (constant amplitude and
frequency).
‘0’ => vc1(t)=Vcmsin(2πfct+00); Exists in 1
bit period
‘1’ => vc2(t)=Vcmsin(2πfct+1800); Exists in
1 bit period
Exercise: Given a digital signal 01101, the bit rate is 5 bps,
modulated by the PSK method. Amplitude 5V. The carrier
frequency is 20Hz. Phase for bit '1' is 180 0, phase for bit '0'
is 00.
a, Draw PSK signal
b, Is the PSK signal a harmonic signal? Explain
c, Calculate baud rate
Resolve:
a, Draw PSK signal
‘0’ => vc1(t)= 5 sin(2π.20t+00) V ; Exists in 1 bit period
‘1’ => vc2(t)= 5 sin(2π.20t+1800) V; Exists in 1 bit period
Bit period: Tb=1/ Rb=1/5 = 200 ms
Carrier period: Tc=1/fc=1/20 = 50ms
=> Tb= 4Tc => 1 bit period contains 4 carrier period

b, PSK signal is not harmonic signal. Because there are 2 phases

c, baud rate: Nbaud = Rbaud= Rbit =5 baud/s
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

Uses two phases to represent binary digits

The same amplitude and frequency but inverse

Binary phase shift keying
Draw BPSK constellation
 QPSK
QPSK is a form of Phase Shift Keying in which two bits are
modulated at once, selecting one of four possible carrier
phase shifts (0, 90, 180, or 270 degrees)
 Modulation

 Demodulation
Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK)
Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK or 4-
The 4-PSK method

PSK)
Concept of a constellation diagram
The 4-PSK characteristics
QPSK constellation
Exercise: Given a digital signal 0110101100, bit rate 10
bps, modulated by QPSK method. Amplitude is 5V. The
carrier frequency is 20Hz. The phase is represented as
follows: '00' phase is 00 ; '01' phase is 900 ; '10' phase is
1800 ; '11' phase is 2700
a, Draw QPSK signal
b, Is the QPSK signal a harmonic signal? Explain
c, Calculate baud rate
Resolve:
a, Draw QPSK signal
‘00’ => vc1(t)= 5 sin(2π.20t+00) V ; Exists in 2 bit period
‘01’ => vc2(t)= 5 sin(2π.20t+900)V; Exists in 2 bit period
‘10’ => vc3(t)= 5 sin(2π.20t+1800)V ; Exists in 2 bit period
‘11’ => vc4(t)= 5 sin(2π.20t + 2700 ); V Exists in 2 bit period
Bit period: Tb=1/ Rb=1/10 =100ms
Carrier period: Tc=1/ fc=1/20 = 50ms
=> Tb= 2Tc => 1 bit period contains 2 carrier period fc
Þ 2Tb= 4Tc => 2 bit period contains 4 carrier period fc
Þ 0110101100 can be presented as

b, The QPSK signal is not a harmonic signal. Because

there are 4 phases
The 8-PSK characteristics
8 - PSK constellation
Exercise: State phase diagram consists of 8 equally
spaced points on a circle. Knowing the bit rate is
4800 bps, calculate the baud rate
Resolve: This is 8-PSK (23 = 8)
Phases spaced 3600/8 = 450
A signal unit contains 3 bits.
Baud rate: Rbaud = (1/3)Rbit = 4.800/3 = 1600 baud/s
Spectral representation of PSK
6.5 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

QAM is a combination of ASK and

PSK, also known as quadrature
amplitude modulation. QAM is a
method of encoding data on a single
carrier frequency. Encodes data by
changing both the amplitude and phase
of the carrier, keeping the frequency
unchanged
QAM modulation
Time domain for an 8-QAM signal
8 – QAM in Time Domain
 The 4-QAM and 8-QAM constellations
4 – QAM and 8 -QAM constellations
16-QAM constellations
16 – QAM constellations
 Exercise
Given a digital signal 101100001000010011110111, bit rate is 24 bps,
modulated by 8-QAM, 16Hz carrier frequency. Amplitudes are 2V and
5V, respectively. Phase diagram as shown in figure below.
011

010
000 001

101 100
110

111

8-QAM
2 amplitudes, 4 phases

a. Draw 8-QAM signal.

b. Calculate Baud rate.
a. Draw 8-QAM signal.
‘000’ vc1(t)= Vcm1 sin(2πfct + φ01) = 2 sin(2π.16t+00) V ; Exist in 3 bit
periods
‘001’ vc2(t)= Vcm2 sin(2πfct + φ01) = 5 sin(2π.16t+00)V; Exist in 3 bit periods
‘010’ vc3(t)= Vcm1 sin(2πfct + φ02) = 2 sin(2π.16t +900)V ; Exist in 3 bit
periods.
‘011’ vc4(t)= Vcm2 sin(2πfct + φ02) = 5 sin(2π.16t +900) V; Exist in 3 bit
periods
‘100’vc5(t)= Vcm1 sin(2πfct + φ03) = 2sin(2π.16t+1800) V ; Exist in 3 bit
periods
‘101’ vc6(t)= Vcm2 sin(2πfct + φ03) = 5 sin(2π.16t+1800)V; Exist in 3 bit
periods
‘110’ vc7(t)= Vcm1 sin(2πfct + φ04) = 2 sin(2π.16t-900)V ; Exist in 3 bit
Amplitude Bit rate : 24 Baud rate : 8
periods
‘111’ v3c8bits
(t)= 3Vcm2
bitssin(2πf
3 bits ct 3
+bits
φ04) 3=bits
5 sin(2π.16t
3 bits -900)V;
3 bits Exist in 3 bit
3 bits
100 001 000 010 011 110 111
periods 101
bit periods Tb=1/ Rb=1/24 (s);
Time
Carrier period Tc=1/ fc=1/16 (s);
We have 3T = 2Tc, =>3 bit periods will exist in 2 Carrier periods
1 baudb 1 baud 1 baud 1 baud 1 baud 1 baud 1 baud 1 baud
Digital 3Tb=2Tc
signal 101100001000010011110111
1 second
Exercise: Find the baud rate of a 64–QAM signal known to
have a bit rate of 72,000 bps.
Resolve: This is 64-QAM (26 =64)
One signal unit contains 6 bits
Baud rate: Rbaud = (1/6)Rbit = 72.000/6 = 12.000 baud
Questions and Exercises
1. Using the Gram-Schmidt procedure to find a set
orthonormal basis functions corresponding to the
signals
show below

2. Express x1, x2, and x3 in terms of the orthonormal

basis functions found in part 1)
3. Draw the constellation diagram for this signal set
Questions and Exercises
4. AM signal has carrier frequency fc = 1MHz, amplitude Vc =
100V on load resistance 50 Ohm. The modulated signal:
m t  V1 cos 2 f1t  V2 cos 2 f 2t ; f1 1kHz , f 2 5kHz
m1 = 0.2; m2 = 0.3
Calculate mA and signal power? Modulation efficiency?
5. In a AM system, what is meant by the following terms:
modulating signal, carrier, and modulated wave?
6, Given a digital signal 101101, bit rate 10 bps, modulated by
ASK method. The carrier frequency fc = 10Hz. Amplitude for
bit '1' is 4V, amplitude for bit '0' is 0V. The initial phase of the
carrier is 900.
a, Draw ASK signal
b, Is the ASK signal a harmonic signal? Explain?
c, Calculate Baud rate
7, what are Simplex mode, half duplex mode, full duplex
mode?
8, Let the bandwidth of ASK data transmission system be 20
kHz (fmin=2 kHz and fmax=22 kHz), duplex transmission
mode. Assume frequency gap between the two directions
BWguard=2 kHz.
a. Draw the spectrum of the ASK system above.
b. Calculate the bandwidth of each direction.
c. Calculate carrier frequency in each direction (forward and
reverse direction).
9. Given a digital signal 10001, bit rate 10 bps, modulated by
FSK method. Carrier amplitude is 5V, frequency for bit '1' is
40Hz, frequency for bit '0' is 20Hz and initial phase of carrier is
1800.
a. Draw the FSK signal.
b. Calculate Baud rate.
10. Given a digital signal 10001, the bit rate is 5 bps,
modulated by the PSK method. Amplitude 4V. The carrier
frequency is 10Hz. Phase for bit '1' is 90 0, phase for bit '0' is -
900.
a, Draw PSK signal
b, Is the PSK signal a harmonic signal? Explain
c, Calculate baud rate
11. State phase diagram consists of 8 equally spaced points on a
circle. Knowing the bit rate is 5400 bps, calculate the baud rate
12. Find the baud rate of a 32–QAM signal known to have a bit rate
of 108,000 bps.
13. Given a digital signal 1101001001, bit rate
40 bps, modulated by QPSK method. Amplitude
is 5V. The carrier frequency is 40Hz. The phase
is represented as follows: '00' phase is -90 0 ;
'01' phase is 00 ; '10' phase is 900 ; '11' phase is
1800
a, Draw QPSK signal
b, Is the QPSK signal a harmonic signal?
Explain
c, Calculate baud rate