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Electrochemistry and
Corrosion of Metal Dosen pengampu: Ryan Munandar, S.Si., M.Si. Outline materials Definition of Electrochemistry Galvanic Cells / sel Volta Standard Reduction Potentials Electrolysis Corrossion of metal Electrochemistry 1. Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the interconversion of electrical energy and chemical energy. 2. Electrochemical processes are redox (oxidation-reduction) reactions in which the energy released by a spontaneous reaction is converted to electricity or in which electrical energy is used to cause a nonspontaneous reaction to occur. 3. Examples of electrochemical applications are electrolysis cells and voltaic cells 4. voltaic cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy Galvanic Cell sel volta 1. A zinc bar is immersed in a ZnSO4 solution, and a copper bar is immersed in a CuSO4 solution. 2. The cell operates on the principle that the oxidation of Zn to Zn2+ and the reduction of Cu2+ to Cu can be made to take place simultaneously in separate locations with the transfer of electrons between them occurring through an external wire 3. The zinc and copper bars are called electrodes. 4. the anode in a galvanic cell is the electrode at which oxidation occurs and the cathode is the electrode at which reduction occurs. The cell diagram / notation of the cell is Anode II Cathode anoda, salt brigde, cathode Zn(s) ∣ Zn2+(1 M) ∣∣ Cu2+(1 M) ∣ Cu(s) Standard Reduction Potentials When the concentrations of the Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions are both 1.0 M, we find that the volt age or emf of the Daniell cell is 1.10 V at 25°C This voltage must be related directly to the redox reactions Important concepts..!!! The more positive E cell of atom, the more the atom tends to be reduced or gain the electron. And the atom is a strong oxidizing agent The more negative E cell of atom, the more atom tends to be oxidized or lose its electron to be an ionic form. And the atom is a strong reducing agent reduction reaction take place in cathode oxidation reaction takes place in anode Involtaic series metal with more negative E cell could reduce the ion which has more positive of E Practice Exercise What is the standard emf of a galvanic cell made of a Cd electrode in a 1.0 M Cd(NO3)2 solution and a Cr electrode in a 1.0 M Cr(NO3)3 solution at 25°C? Thermodinamics of Redox Reactions n = number of electron involved in reaction
F= faraday constant (the charge of 1 mole e)
= 96500 J/V
E°Cell = electromotive force of the cell
ΔG° = standart free energy
R = gas constant / number of e transferred in
the balanced equation or the charge
K= redox equilibrium constant
T = temperature (Kelvin) The Effect of Concentration on Cell Em o far we have focused on redox reactions in which reactants and products are in their standard states, but standard-state conditions are often difficult, and sometimes impossible, to maintain. However, there is a mathematical relationship between the emf of a galvanic cell and the concentration of reactants and products in a redox reaction under nonstandard-state conditions. Electrolysis In contrast to spontaneous redox reactions, which result in the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy, electrolysis is the process in which electrical energy is used to cause a nonspontaneous chemical reaction to occur.
An electrolytic cell is an apparatus for carrying out electrolysis
Electrolysis of Water
2H2O(l)⟶2H2(g)+O2(g) ΔG = 474,4 kJ/mol
Corrosion Corrosion is the term usually applied to the deterioration of metals by an electrochemical process.
Rust on iron, tarnish on silver a few of them
Corrosion causes enormous damage to
buildings, bridges, ships, and cars
By far the most familiar example of corrosion
is the formation of rust on iron. Oxygen gas and water must be present for iron to rust. Although the reactions involved are quite complex and not completely understood. Corrosin prevention 1. Coating The most common means of protecting a material from corrosion is to apply some sort of protective coating (painting)
2. Cathodic protection If we choose a metal, such as magnesium, whose reduction potential is more negative than that of iron, the magnesium is oxidized, and iron is reduced
If we wish to prevent iron from corroding, we can use a piece of magnesium as a sacrificial anode. Connecting the piece of magnesium to the iron forces the iron to be the cathode, thereby preventing the oxidation of iron. This process is called cathodic protection. By making the iron a cathode, we ensure that it cannot be an anode, and so it will not corrode. To be effective, the sacrificial anode must be replaced periodically, but this method fi nds many uses, including the protection of iron or steel pipelines Thank you
