SERIES
SEQUENCE
A sequence is a list of objects or
events, which have been arranged in a
sequential manner, it is a function
whose domain is the set of positive
integers or the set .
SERIES
A series represents the sum of the terms of a
sequence. If a sequence is finite, we will refer to the
sum of the terms of the sequences as the series
associated with the sequence. If the sequence has
infinitely many term, the sum is defined more precisely
in calculus.
The sequence with nth term is usually denoted by , and
the associated series is given by
𝑆= 𝑎1 +𝑎 2 +𝑎 3 + …+𝑎 𝑛
EXAMPLE 1
Determine the first three terms of the sequence, and give its
associated series.
SOLUTION
Given:
First three terms: Associated Series:
EXERCISES 1
Find the first six terms of the sequence and its
associated series.
1.) 2(n+1)
2.) n(n-1)
3.)
4.) (
5.) (9 – n)
EXAMPLE 2
Determine the associated series of the
sequence
A.) B.) 1,3,5,7,9
SOLUTION
Given:
A. B. 1,3,5,7,9
+7+9
EXERCISES 2
Determine the associated series of the following
sequences(show your process):
1.) 6.) The first ten terms of positive
integers.
2.) 1, -1, 0, -2, 2
7.) The even number from 1 to 20.
3.)
8.) The odd numbers from 5 to 25.
4.)
5.)
Types of Sequence and
Series
1. Arithmetic Sequence
- a sequence in which every term is made by
adding a definite number (called as common
difference) to the preceding number. If the nth
term of an arithmetic sequence is and the
common difference is d, then
.
2. Geometric Sequence
- a sequence in which every term is created by multiplying a
definite number(called the common ratio) with the preceding
number.
If the nth term of a geometric sequence is and the common ratio is
𝑎¿ 𝑟 𝑛 −1 ¿
r, then
The associated geometric series with n terms is given by
When −1 < r < 1, the infinite geometric series
+r++…
has a sum, and is given by
3. Harmonic Sequence
- a series of number is said to be in harmonic sequence if
the reciprocals of all the elements of the sequence form an
arithmetic sequence.
If {} is an arithmetic sequence, then the sequence with nth
term
is a harmonic sequence.
4. Fibonacci Sequence
— a sequence of numbers in which element is obtained by
adding two preceding elements, the sequence starts with 0
and 1. The sequence defined by for nIts terms are
0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,… .
EXAMPLE 1
If 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, … is a
sequence, find the
A. Common Difference
B. 20th term
Find the common difference and 15th term of the
following sequence.
1. 4, 9, 14, 19, 24,…
2. 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, ….
3. 10, 12, 14, 16, …
4. 31, 25, 19, 13, 7, …
5. 25, 21, 17, 13, 11, …
Example 2:Consider the sequence 1, 3, 9, 27,
81, 243, 729,…. Find the common ratio and 8th
term.
Determine the common ratio and the
10th term of the sequence. Show your
process.
1.)
2.) 2,10,50,250,1250,…
3.) ,…
4.) 3,21,147,1029,…
A sequence is a list of numbers (separated by commas), while
a series is a sum of numbers (separated by “+” or “-” sign).
Differences Between Sequences and Series
Sequences Series
Set of element that follows a Sum of elements of the
pattern sequence
Order of elements is Order of elements is not so
important important
Finite Sequence: 1,2,3,4,5 Finite Series: 1+2+3+4+5
Infinite Sequence: 1,2,3,4,5,... Infinite Series: 1+2+3+4+5+
….
EXAMPLE 1
Sequence:
1, 3, 7, 9, 11
½, ¼, 1/6, 1/8
Series:
(1+2n) + (1+3n) + (1+4n)
2+4+6+8
EXERCISES 1
A. Write SEQ if the given item is a sequence,
and write SER if it is a series.
1.) 1, 2, 4, 8, …
2. )-1+2-2+2-1
3. )6.5, 7.5, 8.5, 9.5, …
4.) .2+.02+.002+.0002
5. )
Sequence Series
EXAMPLE 2
Arithmetic 2,4,6,8,10 2+4+6+8+10
1,3,5,7,… 1+3+5+7+…
Geometric 4,8,16,32,64 4+8+16+32+64
3,6,9,12,… 3+6+9+12+…
Harmonic
Fibonacci 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,… 0+1+1+2+3+5+8+…
EXERCISES 2
Identify if the given item is a series or a sequence also include of what
type it is.
1. 3, 7, 11, 15
2. 0,1,1,2,3,…
3. 6, 12, 18,…
4. 7+21+63+…
6.
7. 0+1+1+2+…
8. 12, 20, 28, 36
EXERCISES 3
A.Write FSQ if the given item is a finite sequence, FSR if finite series, ISQ if infinite
sequence, and ISR if infinite series.
1.) 2,9,16,..
2.) 1/5+2/5+3/5+4/5
3.) 5+10+15+,,,+n
4.) 7, 14, 21, 28
5.) 1,1,2,3,5,…
B. Write five examples of finite series and sequence, also five examples of infinite
series and sequence.
A series is an infinite addition of an ordered set of
terms. The infinite series often contain an infinite
number of terms and its nth term represents the nth
term of a sequence. A series contain terms whose
order matters a lot. If the terms of a rather
conditionally convergent series are suitably
arranged, the series may be made to converge to any
desirable value or even to diverge according to the
Riemann series theorem.
Sigma notation has a number of advantages. Mathematics
can get to be very complicated at times and it is nice to be able
to express groups of related numbers in simpler ways.
Another type of series that can be express into sigma
notation is geometric series.
Geometric series is a series where the ratio of each two
consecutive terms is a constant function of the summation
index.
