Lesson 1 Series
What you should learn: Goal 1 ILLUSTRATING A SERIES
Goal 1 Illustrate a series. A sequence is a list of things or terms (usually numbers) that are
in order. A sequence is a function whose domain is the set of
Differentiate a
positive integers or the set of {1, 2, 3, …, n}
Goal 2 series from a
sequence. A series represents the sum of the terms of a sequence.
Determine the kind
Goal 3 of sequence or The sequence with nth term an is usually denoted by {an}, and
series. the associated series is given by
S = a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + · · · + a n.
Why you should learn it:
This world is full of patterns! Take a Look!
Learning about sequence and
Determine the first five terms of each defined sequence and give
series can help us understand
the things that is happening their associated series.
around us.
Example 1 1. {𝒏 – 𝟐}
First Five Terms:
If 𝑛 = 1, 𝑎1 = 𝒏 – 2 = 𝟏 – 2 = −1 What to do:
If 𝑛 = 2, 𝑎2 = 𝒏 –2 = 𝟐 –2 = 0 Substitute the value
of n and then Simplify
If 𝑛 = 3, 𝑎3 = 𝒏 –2 = 𝟑 –2 = 1
If 𝑛 = 4, 𝑎4 = 𝒏 –2 = 𝟒 –2 = 2
If 𝑛 = 5, 𝑎5 = 𝒏 –2 = 𝟓 –2 = 3
What to do:
Add all the terms in
Associated Series: the sequence and
𝑆 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎4 + 𝑎5 find the Sum
𝑆 = −1 + 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 = 5
Example 2 2. {(−𝟐)𝒏 }
First Five Terms:
Note:
If 𝑛 = 1, 𝑎1 = (−2)𝒏 = (−2)𝟏 = −2
Consider the exponent
If 𝑛 = 2, 𝑎1 = (−2)𝒏 = (−2)𝟐 = 4
If 𝑛 = 3, 𝑎1 = (−2)𝒏 = (−2)𝟑 = −8
If 𝑛 = 4, 𝑎1 = (−2)𝒏 = (−2)𝟒 = 16
If 𝑛 = 5, 𝑎1 = (−2)𝒏 = (−2)𝟓 = −32 Note:
Since some of the
Associated Series: terms is negative, we
will use the minus sign
𝑆 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎4 + 𝑎5 (+)(-) = (-)
𝑆 = −2 + 4 − 8 + 16 − 32 = −22
Unit 2 – Lesson 1 1
On Your Own!
1. Determine the first five terms of each defined sequence and give their associated
series: {2n + 1}
First Five Terms: What to do:
If 𝑛 = 1, 𝑎1 = _____________________ Substitute the value
If 𝑛 = 2, 𝑎2 = _____________________ of n and then Simplify
If 𝑛 = 3, 𝑎3 = _____________________
If 𝑛 = 4, 𝑎4 = _____________________
If 𝑛 = 5, 𝑎5 = _____________________
What to do:
Associated Series: Add all the terms in
the sequence and
𝑆 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎4 + 𝑎5
find the Sum
𝑆 = ________________________________ = ______
2. Find the sum of all possible two-digit odd numbers.
Goal 2 DIFFERENTIATING A SERIES FROM A SEQUENCE
A sequence is a list of numbers (separated by commas), while a series is a sum of
numbers (separated by “+” or “−” sign).
The sequence is finite if there is a limited number of terms (it ends) and we can get the
sum of the terms as the associated series.
The sequence is infinite if it has infinitely many terms (it does not end, and usually with
“…” symbol) and the sum can be defined precisely in calculus.
1 1 1
This is a finite sequence 1, −2, 3, −4
1 1 1 7
This is the associated series of the sequence 1−2+3−4 =
12
Take a Look!
Determine if the following is a sequence or series. Next, identify if the sequence/series
is finite or infinite.
1. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 Sequence (Finite)
2. 2, 8, 14, 20, … Sequence (Infinite)
3. -1 + 1 – 1 + 1 – 1 +… Series (Infinite)
1 2 3 4
4. 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , … Sequence (Infinite)
5. 1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + 24 + … + 210 Series (Finite)
6. 1 + 0.1 + 0.01 + 0.001 + … Series (Infinite)
Unit 2 – Lesson 1 2
On Your Own!
Determine if the following is a sequence or series. Next, identify if the sequence/series
is finite or infinite.
1. 3 – 6 + 9 – 12 + 15 – 18 + … _________, ________
2. 0.2 + 0.02 + 0.002 + 0.0002 _________, ________
3. – 5, 5, –5, 5, – 5 _________, ________
4. 1, (– 3), (– 3)2, (– 3)3, (– 3)4, … _________, ________
1 2 3 4 19
5. 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + … + _________, ________
4
Goal 3 DETERMINING THE TYPE OF SEQUENCE OR SERIES
Arithmetic Sequence Geometric Sequence
A geometric sequence is a sequence
An arithmetic sequence is a sequence
in which each term after the first is in which each term after the first is
obtained by adding a constant (called the obtained by multiplying the preceding
term by a constant (called the common
common difference) to the preceding
ratio).
term.
If the nth term of an arithmetic If the nth term of an arithmetic
sequence is an and the common difference sequence is an and the common
difference is d, then an = a1rn-1.
is d, then an = a1 + (n − 1)d.
Example: 4, 9, 14, 19, 24 Example: 3, 9, 27, 81, 243
The associated arithmetic series with n The associated geometric series with
terms is given by n terms is given by
4 + 9 + 14 + 19 + 24 = 70 3 + 9 + 27 + 81 + 243 = 363
Harmonic Sequence Fibonacci Sequence
Harmonic Sequence is a sequence Fibonacci numbers, commonly
formed by the reciprocals of the terms of denoted Fn, form a sequence, called
an arithmetic sequence. the Fibonacci sequence, such that each
If {an} is an arithmetic sequence, then number is the sum of the two preceding
𝟏 ones, starting from 0 and 1
the sequence with nth term, bn = 𝒂 , is a
𝒏
harmonic sequence.
Example: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Example: , , ,
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓
To get the associated series, get the
To get the associated series, get the sum of the terms.
sum of the terms. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 = 33
Unit 2 – Lesson𝟏 1+ 𝟏 + 𝟏 + 𝟏 = 𝟕𝟕 3
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔𝟎
Take a Look!
Determine if the following is a/an Arithmetic, Geometric, Fibonacci, or Harmonic Series.
Write None, if it is not one of the stated. Find the sum if possible; write NS if otherwise.
1. 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 Answer: Arithmetic, 35
2. 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 Answer: None, 55
1 1 1 1 1
3. + + + +… Answer: Geometric, ( )
4 16 64 256 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
4. + + + + Answer: Harmonic, ≈
5 9 13 17 21 2
5. 3 + 5 + 8 + 13 + 21 Answer: Fibonacci, 50
6. √3 + √4 + √5 + √6 + … Answer: None, NS
7. 0.1 + 0.01 + 0.001 + 0.0001 Answer: Geometric, 0.1111
On Your Own!
Write Like (or draw the like symbol) if the statement at the end of each situation is true.
Write Comment and share your answer if the statement is false.
1. Our health is very important. That is why we need to wash our hands regularly. Consider that
the amount of germs in our hands doubles each minute. This scenario exhibits an arithmetic
sequence.
____________________________________________________________________________
2. Christine decided to brush her teeth in school. Some of her classmates saw her and 4 more
students decided to follow her practice each day, and so on. If Christine brushed her teeth on
Monday, there will be 20 students who brush their teeth in school by Friday.
____________________________________________________________________________
3. During the harvest of okras in the school’s gulayan, Carlo gathers 30 okras. Every 2 days,
Carlo returns to the gulayan to gather some more okra. On his first return, he gathers 25 okras,
then 20 okras and in the last one, 15 okras. The total number of okras gathered by Carlo is 90.
The situation is an example of an arithmetic series.
____________________________________________________________________________
4. A group of 6 friends in ICNHS decided to buy Kap Ising’s Pancit Molo at GT Mall for P35. Each
member count the number of molo balls in their own serving and they are as follows: 4, 5, 3,
5, 4, 3. One of them said that the numbers are in geometric sequence.
____________________________________________________________________________________
5. It is necessary that as a child, you need to know your rights to
protect yourself from possible harm and abuses. The SSG President
would like to disseminate information about the Child Welfare Advocacy
of the school. The president tells 2 of his/her friends about this and in
turn, each of his/her 2 friends tells 2 persons about this as well and so
on... (see figure) The total number of persons who knows about this
after the 5th row is 31.
__________________________________________________________
Unit 2 – Lesson 1 4
Exercises
Name: _________________________________Section:_____________Score:_____________
Date: _____________________Time Started: ___________Time Finished:________________
Now let’s apply what you’ve learned!
Read the instructions carefully and answer the following
exercises below.
Shut terst ock . com
I. Determine the first five terms of each defined sequence and give their associated series.
1. {2𝑛 – 3}
2. {(−1)𝑛+1 + 1}
3. {𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 2}
II. What is the difference between a sequence and a series? Provide an example for each.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
III. Determine if the following is a/an Arithmetic, Geometric, Fibonacci, or Harmonic
Sequence. Write None if the sequence is not one of the stated. Determine the associated
series. Find the sum if possible. Write NS if it is not possible to find the sum.
Given Kind of Sequence Associated Series Sum
1. 4, 9, 14, 19, … , 64
2. 1, −0.1, 0.01, −0.001, …
1
3. 81, 27, 9, 3, … , 81
4. 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, … 46
1 1 1 1
5. , ,7,9,…
3 5
Unit 2 – Lesson 1 5
Performance task
Look for patterns around you. Look at your environment or at the things that is
happening in the world or in your place. Create a sequence and series out of the pattern
that you have discovered and determine the kind of sequence/series (if applicable)
exhibited by the situation. (Use the space provided for your answer)
Rubric Points
Content 50
Creativity 30
Accuracy 20
Total 100
• Good job! After answering the exercises, check your
answers with your teacher.
• If you scored 75% correctly, you may proceed to the next
lesson; otherwise, read the lesson once more for the
missed items.
Shu tters tock.co m
Parent’s Name: _______________
Parent’s Signature: ____________
Reference:
Precalculus, Learner’s Material. Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources.
(2016).
“Patterns are everywhere. It is out there for us to discover
and find meaning.” - JBC
Unit 2 – Lesson 1 6
