Population Dynamics
Dr. Um-e-Habiba
Assistant Professor UIPH
Learning Objectives:
To study:
Introduction to population dynamics
Key features of populations
Factors affecting population growth
Population Dynamics
Population:
All the individuals of a species that
live together in an area.
ETYMOLOGY
• 1. DEMOS - People
• 2. GRAPHO - To write
• The word was coined by JOHN
GRUNT
Population Dynamics
Demography:
The statistical study of populations,
make predictions about how a
population will change.
DEFINITION
• Demography is the "study of
human populations in relation to
the changes brought about by
the interplay of births, deaths,
and migration" PRESSAT
DEFINITION
• "Demography is the
statistical description and
analysis of human
population". - WRONG
• Demography is the "statistical and
mathematical study of the size,
composition and spatial distribution
of human populations, and of the
changes over time, in these aspects
through the operation of the five
processes of fertility, mortality,
marriage, migration and social
mobility" - BOGUE
CONCEPT & SCOPE
• Demography is the branch of
social size, structure, which deals
with the study of size, structure
and distribution of populations,
along with the spatial and temporal
changes in them in response to
birth, migration, ageing and death.
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS : (Eg)
• Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
• General Fertility Rate (GFR)
• Crude Death Rate (CDR)
• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
• Life expectancy (LE)
• Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
• Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR)
• Net Reproduction Rate (NRR)
SCOPE OF DEMOGRAPHY
• Demography is the science of population.
In it's most general meaning, a
population is a set of people who live in a
specific land area : a commune, a district,
a country or a continent, etc.
SCOPE OF DEMOGRAPHY
• A formal demography is concerned
with the size, distribution, structure and
changes of population
Population Dynamics
Three Key Features of Populations
•Size
•Density
•Dispersion
• (clumped, even/uniform, random)
Three Key Features of Populations
1. Size: number of individuals in an
area
CHANGE
• Is the increase or decrease
of the total population or of
the one of it's structural
units.
NARROW SCOPE
• Population is constantly changing
over time.
• The components of change in a
population are births, deaths
and migration.
• Thus one generation will be
replaced by another younger
generation by birth and death
process.
• This is a natural change or
demographic reproduction.
BROADER SCOPE
• The broader scope of demographic
reproduction includes migration. It
means the movement of people from
place to place.
• Migration has great influence on
population change.
• Within a country or an area, this
movement does not affect the total
size of the population.
• It changes the structure of the
population and area as well as the
living conditions of immigrants and
out-migrants.
• This process may also influence the
behavior of the inhabitants, especially
out migrants.
• Migrations have great influence on
population change.
Three Key Features of Populations
Growth Rate:
Birth Rate (natality) - Death Rate (mortality)
How many individuals are born vs. how
many die
Birth rate (b) − death rate (d) = rate of natural increase (r).
Four Factors affecting
Population size?
How do populations increase or
decrease?
Immigration:
movement of
individuals of a
species into a
country or an area
Emigration:
movement of
individuals of a
species out of a
country or area
Natality – birth rate
Mortality- death rate
Factors That Affect Future
Population Growth
Immigration
+
+ -
Natality Population Mortality
-
Emigration
Population Change=
(Natality+Immigration)-
(Mortality+Emigration
• A balancing equation of
population change in time that
involves the relationship between
birth, death and migration is as
follows.
• P1 = P0 + (B - D) + (I - O):
• where, P1 & P0 : Population at the
ending & beginning point.
• B = # of Births in a period.
• D = # of Deaths in a period.
• I = # of In - migrants.
• O = # 0f Out - migrants
Three Key Features of Populations
2. Density: measurement of
population per unit area or unit
volume
Formula: Dp= N
S
Pop. Density = # of individuals ÷ unit of space
4 Factors that affect density
1. Immigration-
Movement of individuals into a
population
4 Factors that affect density
2. Emigration-
Movement of individuals out of a
population
4 Factors that affect density
3. Density-dependent factors- Biotic
factors in the environment that have an
increasing effect as population size
increases
Ex. disease
competition
parasites
4 Factors that affect density
4. Density-independent factors-
Abiotic factors in the environment that
affect populations regardless of their
density
Ex. temperature
storms
habitat destruction
drought
Three Key Features of Populations
3. Dispersion:
Describes their spacing relative to
each other
Three Key Features of Populations
3. Dispersion:
Three types of dispersion:
• clumped
• even or uniform
• random
clumped
even
(uniform)
random
Population Dispersion
Other factors that affect population
growth
Limiting factor- any biotic or
abiotic factor that restricts the
existence of organisms in a
specific environment.
EX.- Amount of water
Amount of food
Temperature
Limiting Factor- Zone of Tolerance
None Few Few None
organisms organisms
present present
Many
organisms
present
Factors Affecting Population Size
Fig.
Fig. 9-3
9-3
Types of Population Change curves
Stable- fluctuates above and below the carrying
capacity
Irruptive- a stable population which on
occasion will explode or irrupt
Types of Population Change curves
Cyclic- cyclical fluctuations over a defined
period of time
Irregular- no order the fluctuations- chaos
Natural Population Curves
THANK YOU
