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ETHICS
ETHICS IN DECISION-MAKING: A DETAILED
DISCUS • Ethics in decision-making refers to the process of making choices that align with moral principles and values. It’s about doing what is right, fair, and just, not just what is legal or profitable. • Ethical decision-making involves considering the impart of decisions on various stakeholders and ensuring that the choices made contribute to the overall well-being of society. KEY POINTS IN ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING
• 1. Recognising the Ethical Issues.
• 2. Thinking about the options. • 3.Deciding what’s right • 4. Taking Action RECOGNISING THE ETHICAL ISSUE: There are two: • Spotting the proble? • The first step is to realise that a decision you need to make has an ethical side. This means knowing when something might be unfair, harmful or dishonest. • Who’s affected? • Think about everyone who could be affected by your decision. This includes not just yourself, but also other people, like your family, friends, co-workers and even the environment. THINKING ABOUT THE OPTION
• Weighing choice: • Once you know there’s an ethical issue, you need to think carefully about your choices. Which option is the most fair, honest, and kind. Ethical theories: there are different ways to think about what’s right. • Utilitarianism: This approach say the best choice is the one that helps the most people • Deontology: Way of thinking focuses on following rules, duties, like being honest even if it’s tough. • Virtue Ethics: This idea is about being a good person and making choices that reflect good character, like kindness and honesty. DECIDING WHAT’S RIGHT
• Commitment to do good • You need to decide to do what’s right, even if it is not easiest or most convenient option. TAKING ACTION
• Making the right move:
• Finally, you have to act on your decision. This means following through with what you believe is the right choice and being responsible for the result. CHALLENGES IN ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING
• 1. Conflicting Interest • 2. Pressure and Temptation • 3. Unclear situation • 4. Cultural Differences CONFLICTING INTERESTS
• Different people or groups want different things. For
example: • A decision might benefit one group but hurt another. It’s tough to balance these interests and make the fairest choice. PRESSURE AND TEMPTATION
• You might face pressure from others or be tempted by
money power or convenience. These pressure can lead you to make a decision that isn’t ethical. CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
• People form different cultures might see ethical issues
differently. What’s considered right is one culture might be seen as wrong in another. This can make ethical decision making more complex, especially in diverse setting. TIPS FOR MAKING ETHICAL DECISIONS
• 1. Use ethical guidelines
• 2. Think about who’s affected. • 3. Talk about it • 4 Follow Good leaders. 1. USE ETHICAL GUIDELINES
• These can help you know what’s expected and how to
make the right choices. 2. THINK ABOUT WHO’S AFFECTED.
• Before making a decision, think about who will be
affected by it. This helps ensure that your decision is fair and considers everyone needs. TALK ABOUT IT
• Discuss the issues with others that can help you see different perspectives and make a better decision. Open communication its key to understanding all sides of an issue. FOLLOW GOOD LEADERS
• Look up to people who make ethical choices and follow
their example. Good leaders set the tone for ethical behaviour in any group or organization. • Ethical decision-making is a critical aspect of personal and professional life. • It requires awareness of ethical issues, careful evaluation of options, and a commitment to acting in action. It requires thinking carefully about the impact of your decisions and sticking to what you believe is right even when it difficult. • By recognising ethical issues, considering your options, and acting with integrity, you can make decisions that not only benefit you but also contribute positively to others and society as a whole. BACKGROUND
• In hospitals, doctors often face tough decisions, especially
when a patient’s life is at stake. Imagine a patient who is critically ill and unlikely to recover. The doctors must decide whether to continue life-saving treatments or let the patient pass away peacefully. This is a serious situation, and making the right decision is important for the patient, their family, and the healthcare team. SCENARIO
• Let’s consider a case where a 70-year-old man is in the
hospital after a severe stroke. He is unconscious and on a ventilator (a machine that helps him breathe). The doctors tell the family that the chances of recovery are very low. The family is asked whether they want to continue life support or let him die naturally. DECISION-MAKING PROCESS
1.Gather Information: 1.Medical Condition: The doctors explain the patient's condition, the treatments that are possible, and the chances of recovery. 2.Patient’s Wishes: If the patient had a living will (a document stating their wishes in such situations), the doctors would follow it. If not, the family’s understanding of what the patient would have wanted is considered. 3.Family’s Input: The family discusses the situation with the doctors and among themselves. They consider what the patient might want and how they feel about the situation. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS:
• Quality of Life: Doctors and the family think about the
quality of life the patient would have if he survived. Would he be able to live independently, or would he need constant care? • Pain and Suffering: They also consider whether continuing life support would cause more pain and suffering to the patient. Make the Decision:
•After gathering all the information and considering ethical issues,
the family, in consultation with the doctors, decides whether to continue life support or allow the patient to pass away peacefully. Implement the Decision:
•If the decision is to continue life support, the hospital will keep providing treatment. If the decision is to stop life support, the doctors will take steps to ensure the patient is comfortable as they pass away. OUTCOME
• In this case, let’s say the family decided to stop life
support based on the patient’s low chances of recovery and what they believe the patient would have wanted. The doctors made sure the patient was comfortable, and he passed away peacefully. REFLECTION
• This decision is never easy. It involves a lot of emotions,
and there is no “right” answer. The most important thing is to make a decision that respects the patient’s dignity and wishes, and that the family feels is the best choice in a difficult situation.
