Ton Duc Thang University
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
401076
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Chapter 4:
WIND POWER
SYSTEMS
Nguyen Dao, PhD.
OBJECTIVES
- Explaining the fundamental
principles of energy of wind
power source
- Presenting the knowledge of
wind power systems
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OUTLINE
4.1 Power in the Wind
4.2 Betz’s Law
4.3 Blade Aerodynamics
4.4 How wind turbines create electricity
4.5 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
4.6 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
4.7 Small Wind Power Systems
4.8 Wind Turbine Power Plants
4.9 Wind Turbine Control
3
11/24/24 401076-Chapter 4: Wind Power Systems
4.1 POWER IN THE WIND
Wind energy is the kinetic energy of air moving in the
atmosphere of the earth
1) Causes of the Wind
[Link] irradiating of sun into earth surface:
- Strong in the equator, weak at the poles
-One day, half the earth burns hot and half the earth
is night
-Hot air up high, cold air moved to that, make up the
wind.
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4.1 POWER IN THE WIND
1) Causes of the Wind
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4.1 POWER IN THE WIND
1) Causes of the Wind
- at day, air on land is hotter, the wind from sea to
inland, the opposite in night
[Link] Earth orbits around the sun, causing
swirling air
- The earth is tilted against the rotating plane,
forming the monsoon,
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4.1 POWER IN THE WIND
2) Wind as energy source
-The strength of wind changes a daily, hour,
minute.
-Variability of winds is the main disadvantages of
the electrical energy from wind.
-The data long-term statistics used evaluation of
economic feasibility of the wind farm.
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4.1 POWER IN THE WIND
2) Wind as energy source
a/.The wind speed of area is of the measured
data in many years, with different high (10,30,
60,80m)
-The map of the
wind quality of the
area
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4.1 POWER IN THE WIND
Global velocity of wind in the world at 10m high
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4.1 POWER IN THE WIND
2) Wind as energy source
b/The measurement and calculating of wind speed
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c/ Wind speed depends on high
Vũng Tàu: ở 10m có V=5,5m/s;
D=80 m
-offshore:
Hub hight H=(1-1,4)D
=1,2 x 80 =96 m
Vh= 5,5(96/10)0,09= 6,74 m/s
onshore:
Hub hight H=(1,2-1,8)D
=1,5x 80 =120m
Vh= 5,5(120/10)0,12= 7,4 m/s
trên biển lấy số mủ 0,09, đồng
bằng gần biển 0,12, xa biển 0,16.
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4.1 POWER IN THE WIND
.
2) Wind as energy
.
source
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4.2 BETZ’S LAW
Cp- Blade Efficiency
Mass of air: - offshore: ρa =1,225 kg/m3
- onshore: ρa=1,2 kg/m3 ;
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4.2 BETZ’S LAW
3. Electric power of TB
Ptbe = ηm ηe Pt
ηm -mechanical
efficiency
ηe – el. efficiency
Ptb = ηa ηm ηe Pt
ηa – Auxiliary circuits
Ptb- [Link] mean of
Turbine to load
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4.2 BETZ’S LAW
[Link] electric power of turbine
For 3 blade Turbine:
Cptb = Cp ηaηm ηe
Cptb - real of blade efficiency
Typically Cptb = (0,3-0,45)
Turbine capacity hight or mean: Cptb= 0,4-0,45,
Small: Cptb = 0,3-0,35;
TB mean capacity: Ptb= [Link]= (½ Aρavw3).Cptb
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4.2 BETZ’S LAW
[Link] electric power of turbine:
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4.3 BLADE AERODYNAMICS
[Link] of Cp and a= v2/v1
- when Cp= 0,59 -> amax=1/3
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4.3 BLADE AERODYNAMICS
2. Angles and triangles of speed
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4.3 BLADE AERODYNAMICS
2. Angles and triangles of speed
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4.3 BLADE AERODYNAMICS
3. Lift and Drag Force
FD -Drag force parallel to
the direction of total velocity
v;
FL-Lift force-perpendicular
to the direction of total
velocity v
FL= ½ CLAρav2
FD= ½ CDAρav2
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4.3 BLADE AERODYNAMICS
3. Lift and Drag Force:
The component of the motive force Fm useful
for the torque generation
Fm = FL sinδ – FD cosδ
the component of the axial force Fa,(does not
produce a useful torque)
Fa = FL cosδ + FD sinδ
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4.3 BLADE AERODYNAMICS
3. Lift and Drag Force
Graph of coefficients CL
and CD approximately
proportional to the angle
of attack α.
E= CL/CD -> max at α =50
-> Ptb =Ptbmax
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4.3 BLADE AERODYNAMICS
4. Lift and Drag Ratio
Table of E, CD, CL, α of some blades types
Type of Blade CL/CD CL 0
1 Flat blade 10 0,8 5
2 Blade NACA 0012 57 0,85 8
3 Blade NACA 2412 66,3 0,85 6
4 Blade NACA 4412 125 1,0 6
Example: blade 4412: at α = 60 -> Emax =125
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4.3 BLADE AERODYNAMICS
4. Tip speeds ratio-TSR-λ (tỹ số tốc độ đỉnh)
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4.3 BLADE AERODYNAMICS
5. Optimal parameter sheet of turbines
- Normal operation:
TSR = 5-7 and Cptb = 0,30-0,45
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4.4 HOW WT CREATE ELECTRICITY
[Link] of wind turbines
+Vertical Axis Wind Turbines – VAWT (1%)
- Savonius turbines – Darrieus turbines
+Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines – HAWT (99%)
-up or down wind turbines
-three-blade, two-blade.
- single- blade
(three-blade with
upwind turbines =99%),
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4.4 HOW WT CREATE ELECTRICITY
[Link] of wind turbines
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4.4 HOW WT CREATE ELECTRICITY
[Link] of wind turbines
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4.4 HOW WT CREATE ELECTRICITY
2. Optimal parameter of turbines
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4.4 HOW WT CREATE ELECTRICITY
3. How wind turbines create electricity
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4.4 HOW WT CREATE ELECTRICITY
3. How wind turbines create electricity
-The rotor receives energy from the wind and
produces toque on a low-speed shaft.
-The low speed shaft transfers the energy to
gearbox, high-speed shaft and generator.
-Generator produces electrical energy.
.
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4.4 HOW WT CREATE ELECTRICITY
3. How wind turbines create electricity
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4.5 VERTICAL-AXIS WIND TURBINE
1. Darrieus VAWT
Typical Darrieus turbine:
-The blade is mounted on shaft
(2- 4 blades)
- The generator is located at the
bottom of the blade
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4.5 VERTICAL-AXIS WIND TURBINE
2. Savonius VAWT
Typical Savonius
turbine:
blade is cylinder,
wind comes from the
front of the cylinder,
causing rotation
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4.6 HORIZONTAL-AXIS WIND TURBINE
1. Basis parts of HAWT.
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4.6 HORIZONTAL-AXIS WIND TURBINE
1-1. The Blades
-The blades are such blades of an airfoil .
-The blades has withstand the variable mechanical
loads
-Blades are made from light materials, properties
of resistance to wear (aluminum, glass fibers,
. carbon fibers…)
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4.6 HORIZONTAL-AXIS WIND TURBINE
1-1. The Blades
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4.6 HORIZONTAL-AXIS WIND TURBINE
1-2. The Gearbox
- increasing the rotor speed
to generators
- consists of one or more
gears .
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4.6 HORIZONTAL-AXIS WIND TURBINE
1-3. The Generator
In the wind power plans include the following types
of generators:
- Asynchronous Generator- IG/ SCIG(rotor lồng
sóc)
- Double fed asynchronous generator-DFIG.
- Synchronous Generator G/SG- WRSG- PMSG –
(rotor dây quấn và rotor nam châm vĩnh cửu)
Dãy công suất: vài kW- nhiều MW
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4.6 HORIZONTAL-AXIS WIND TURBINE
1-3. The Generator
(ASG/IG: mpđ không bộ / -SG/G: mpđ đồng
bộ /-DASG/DFIG: mpđ không đồng bộ kép)
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4.6 HORIZONTAL-AXIS WIND TURBINE
1-3. The Generator
Generators have different capacities and voltages.
12V, 24V or 48VDC: wind turbine under 2KW
120 to 240 V: wind turbine of 1.5 to 10 KW
400 V: Turbine wind up to 600 KW
690 V: Wind turbine over 600 kW with / without
geabox
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4.6 HORIZONTAL-AXIS WIND TURBINE
1-4. The Yaw System
The yaw is to rotate nacelle
-system of rotate: electric
motor and gears;
-making rotor surface
always perpendicular to
wind direction.
-direction controlled:
sensors on the nacelle
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4.6 HORIZONTAL-AXIS WIND TURBINE
1-5. The Tower
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4.7 SMALL WIND POWER SYSTEMS
[Link]-alone Wind Turbine Systems
a. Equipment diagram
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4.7 SMALL WIND POWER SYSTEMS
b. Components of SA wind power systems:
-Wind turbine
-DC load, AC Load
-Controller, inverter
-Battery.
-Output voltage for system:
12V, 24V or 48V: wind turbine under 2KW (DC
Power)
220 /380 V: wind turbine of 1.5 to 10 KW(Power 1
or 3 phase)
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4.7 SMALL WIND POWER SYSTEMS
c. Design steps for -SAWP
Design steps for a Stand Alone Wind Power
system:
- Calculating power requirements
- Determine the capacity of Wind turbine
- Determine the cabling and battery
- Select the components of system
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4.7 SMALL WIND POWER SYSTEMS
d. AS Wind power system combined with solar
power
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4.7 SMALL WIND POWER SYSTEMS
d. AS Wind power system combined with solar
power
- Equipment devices follow SA system (W turbine +
Array PV and Generator + Battery bank),
- Take advantage of wind and solar power to
alternate power supply for the load, reducing the
number of reserved batteries .
Operation: TB + PV Array generates DC current
Through Inverter creates AC current and charge
Battery for backup
-Calculate same independent SA - PV-system
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4.7 SMALL WIND POWER SYSTEMS
3. Residential Grid-Tie Wind Power Systems
[Link] Diagram of Equipments
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4.7 SMALL WIND POWER SYSTEMS
b. Components of
wind power systems:
-Wind turbine
- Grid tie Controller
- inverter connected to
the grid
- Electrical-Watt-met
with two way
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4.7 SMALL WIND POWER SYSTEMS
[Link] Grid-Tie W- Systems with Batery
Backup
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4.8 WIND TURBINE POWER PLANTS
1. Introduction
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wind farms offshore
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1. Introduction
- Turbines have lager capacity
- Connected to the grid, to isolated electric
systems or to supply a specific load.
+The Requiments:
- The power demand of the network loads and the
variability of the wind source.
- The connection to the electrical power systems
can have local effects on the network in terms of
power-quality
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2. Main target:
- The economic payback of the investment
- to minimize noise pollution and environmental
- distance between the turbines to minimum
+ Parameters to evaluate wind turbine power
plants:
- Installation cost
- CF power factor
- Factory capacity on installation area
- Production cost of 1 kWh of electricity.
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3. Electricity produced
+ Electricity produced in the year:
E = PF [Link] - kWh / year
+ Power Efficiency: CF=Ptb/ PF
(PF factory power; Ptb- mean power in year)
- Wind farms onshore CF = 0.25-0,4 (VN-CF= 0,35)
- Wind farms offshore CF = 0,45-0,6
+ Vrated for factory capacity:
-Turbine hight, medium Vrated=12-14 m/s;
- Small: Vrated= 8-10 m/s
+ Saving emission Mass :CERs = α.E
α=11/24/24
0.6855.10-3 [CO401076-Chapter
2 tonsSystems
/ kWh].
4: Wind Power 56
4. Distance between
For spacing WT on WF to limit turbulence
Triangles Spacing WT Parallel Spacing WT
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4.6 HORIZONTAL-AXIS WIND TURBINE
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5.1. Fixed speed turbines- FST
a. Characteristics of IG- generator turbines
WT ran mainly at fixed speed
-Generators have 2 stator windings, one for low wind
speed ( higher number poles) and one for hight wind
speed ( low number poles)
-WT- simple, robust, low costs for electric equipment.
-Wind speed causes changes power into the grid
ví dụ: IG hai tốc độ rotor lồng sóc 2 MW với 6/4 đầu
cực ở tốc độ 1000/1500 v/ph
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b. System of IG- generator turbines
- Hộp số để đồng bộ tốc độ giữa tuabin và máy phát điện
để cung cấp công suất định mức ở tốc độ gió định mức
(tốc độ gió khác kém hiệu quả)
-Bộ khởi động mềm để hạn chế dòng khởi động cao.
-Dãy tụ bù ba pha để bù cs phản kháng của máy phát điện
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.
c. Starting of IG- generator turbines
KHỞI ĐỘNG:
1. máy phát IG được tăng tốc bởi cánh quạt gió lên đến
tốc độ định mức và sau đó kết nối với lưới điện.
2. máy phát IG kết nối với lưới điện như một động cơ lên
đến tốc độ định mức sau đó kêt nối với TBG để sx điện
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5.2. Variable -speed turbines-VST
a. Characteristics:
-Rotation speed of the blades continuously adapt
to the wind speed.
- Keep rotation torque constant
-Generators connected to the grid ( through a
power converter which to controls the rotor speed)
- Increase efficiency of the electrical production and
quality of the electricity better.
-The reduction of the aerodynamic noise and
mechanical stresse;
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2.2. Variable -speed turbines-VST
b. VST with full-capacity converter generator
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2.2. Variable -speed turbines
b. VST with full-capacity converter generator
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.
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b. VST with full-capacity converter /
Permanent magnet Synchronous generator G
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.
Máy phát đồng bộ nam châm vĩnh cửu trong Tua-bin Vestas
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5.2. Variable -speed turbines- VST
c. The DFIG- turbines/system (no full inverter)
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5.2. Variable -speed turbines
c. The DFIG-turbines/system
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5.2. Variable -speed turbines
c. The DFIG- turbines/ Generator
-DFIG such as asynchronous motor of
winding rotor Doubly-fed
-The stator of the DFIG is directly connected to
the grid
-The rotor connected to the grid through a set of
back-to-back inverter.
-controlling the DFIG through controlling the
back-to-back inverter of the rotor.
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2.2. Variable -speed turbines
[Link] DFIG- turbines/ operating
-The DFIG rotor is connected to the grid through
back to back inverter and started as motor up to the
rated speed and then stator connected to grid.
- When operating as generator:
The stator: generated 2/3 el. power input to net.
The rotor: generated 1/3 el. power as G-generator
(synchronism) and output power to grid through
back to back inverter.
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.
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6. Wind turbine plants for backup power to Grid
four main sections of
grid power:
-generator
-transmission system
-primary distribution
-secondary distribution
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6. Wind turbine plants for backup power to Grid
WF connected to network:
-Traditional generators (meet load variations,
constant frequency and voltage).
-WF connection to the primary distribution or
secondary (small plants).
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6. Wind turbine plants
for backup power to Grid
Typical connection scheme to
HV grid for WF onshore,
The scheme of connection to HV grid
for WF offshore through a HVDC electric
cable.
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6. Wind turbine plants for backup power to Grid
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4.9 WIND TURBINE CONTROL
[Link] Control: Wind Speed low-pitch control;
Wind Speed hight- yaw control
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4.9 WIND TURBINE CONTROL
[Link] Control
Blade pitch control is used
to constant speed,
optimize power output.
- the wind speed rises,
the Pitch angle rises.
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4.9 WIND TURBINE CONTROL
[Link] Control
-The speed WT is
controlled from yaw
system
-Yaw is controlled by
driving a yaw gear with
low speed drive motor
(yaw motor)
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4.9 WIND TURBINE CONTROL
[Link] Control
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SUMMARY
In this chapter, we have learnt:
- Power in the Wind
- Wind Power Curver
- Betz’s Law
- Blade Aerodynamics
- How wind turbines craete electricity
- Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
- Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
- Wind turbine control
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HOMEWORK
Explaining the wind farms and wind turbine
control
Reading assignment:
[1]: 215-232, [2]: 199-209, [3]: 103-124 ,[5] 53-77
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