Electrical Machines Flashcards for GATE EE
Concept-Based Flashcards
1. Q: Why are transformer ratings given in kVA and not kW?
A: Because losses depend on current and voltage, not power factor.
2. Q: Why is an open circuit test performed on LV side?
A: Because rated voltage, low current makes it easy to measure core loss.
3. Q: Which DC motor is used for traction?
A: DC Series Motor
4. Q: What happens if DC shunt motor runs without load?
A: It speeds up uncontrollably (runaway condition).
5. Q: Why are interpoles used in DC machines?
A: Improve commutation and reduce armature reaction.
6. Q: What happens when slip is zero in IM?
A: No torque is produced.
7. Q: Types of 3-phase induction motors?
A: Squirrel cage and slip ring.
8. Q: Why is rotor skewed in squirrel cage IM?
A: To reduce magnetic locking and noise.
9. Q: Condition for synchronism?
A: Same voltage, frequency, phase sequence.
10. Q: Function of damper winding?
A: Damps oscillations (hunting).
11. Q: What is a V-curve of sync motor?
A: Armature current vs. field current.
12. Q: What is demagnetizing ATs?
A: Ampere-turns opposing the main flux due to brush shift.
13. Q: Purpose of equalizer rings?
A: Balance current in parallel paths in lap winding.
14. Q: Why can't IM run at synchronous speed?
A: No relative motion = no rotor EMF = no torque.
15. Q: What is armature reaction in sync machines?
A: Distortion/weakening of main flux.
16. Q: What is critical speed in DC generator?
A: Minimum speed at which voltage just builds up.
17. Q: What is the effect of under-excitation?
A: Lagging power factor (absorbs reactive power).
18. Q: What is hunting?
A: Oscillations in rotor due to load change.
19. Q: Why is reluctance motor self-starting?
A: Starts as induction motor using rotor cage.
Formula-Based Flashcards
1. Q: EMF equation of transformer?
A: E = 4.44 f N phi_m
2. Q: EMF equation of DC generator?
A: E = (P phi Z N) / (60 A)
3. Q: Slip in induction motor?
A: s = (Ns - Nr) / Ns
4. Q: Synchronous speed for 4-pole, 50 Hz?
A: Ns = 1500 RPM
5. Q: Power angle equation?
A: P = (EV/Xs) * sin(delta)
6. Q: Torque-slip relationship?
A: T (sE2R2) / (R2 + (sX2))
7. Q: Max torque condition in IM?
A: R2 = sX2
8. Q: Power in salient pole alternator?
A: P = (EV/Xd)sin(delta) + (V/2)(1/Xq - 1/Xd)sin(2delta)
9. Q: Rotor copper loss?
A: Pcu = s * Pg
10. Q: Torque at standstill?
A: T = (3 * E2 * R2) / (ws * (R2 + X2))
11. Q: Mechanical power output?
A: Pm = (1 - s) * Pg
12. Q: Swing equation?
A: ddelta/dt = (ws / 2H)(Pm - Pe)
Tricky / Important Flashcards
1. Q: Condition for max efficiency in transformer?
A: Iron loss = Copper loss
2. Q: Main losses in a transformer?
A: Core loss and copper loss
3. Q: Main parts of DC machine?
A: Field, Armature, Commutator, Brushes
4. Q: Test for rotor resistance?
A: Blocked rotor test
5. Q: Effect of brush shift?
A: Changes commutation, affects sparking
6. Q: Purpose of compensating windings?
A: Cancel armature reaction
7. Q: What is crawling?
A: Running at ~1/7th of sync speed due to harmonics
8. Q: What is plugging in IM?
A: Reversing supply to stop motor quickly
9. Q: What is synchronous condenser?
A: Over-excited motor used for PF correction
10. Q: What is pull-out torque?
A: Max torque before losing synchronism
11. Q: Effect of excitation failure in sync motor?
A: It behaves like an IM
12. Q: What controls direction of DC motor?
A: Field/armature polarity (Fleming's Left Hand Rule)
13. Q: Synchronizing torque coefficient?
A: Ts = dT/d(delta)
14. Q: Significance of Xd and Xq?
A: Causes reluctance torque
15. Q: Critical resistance?
A: Max field resistance for self-excitation
16. Q: Why voltage fails to build in DC generator?
A: No residual magnetism, wrong brush polarity
17. Q: How rotor resistance controls torque?
A: Higher R = higher starting torque
18. Q: Why low PF in IM at no load?
A: Due to high magnetizing current
19. Q: Role of inertia in sync motor?
A: Higher inertia = better stability
20. Q: BLDC principle?
A: Uses Hall sensors for electronic commutation
21. Q: Why hysteresis motor is constant speed?
A: Torque is hysteresis-based and speed-independent
