Orthographic Projection

Mulitview Drawings
 Mulitview Drawings

Multiview drawing is a technique used to

depict a three-dimensional object (an
object having height, width and depth) as
a group of related two-dimensional
(having only width and height, or width
and depth) views
Example
• Below is a three-dimensional (3D) image of a
school bus, and while a 3D view of the bus is
very helpful in visualizing its overall shape, it
doesn’t show the viewer all of the sides of the
bus, or the true length, width, or height of the
bus.
Mulitview Drawings
The multiview drawing of the bus is represented by six
views, the front, top, sides, back and bottom.

Top View

Back View Front View

Left View Right View

Bottom View
 The Glass Box Method
• How do we create the 6 principle views?
– Glass Box Method:

• The object is placed in a glass box.

• The image of the object is projected on the
sides of the box.
• The box is unfolded.
• The sides of the box are the principle views.
 The Glass Box Method

The object is placed in a

glass box

The side of the box

represent the 6 principle
planes.
 The Glass Box Method

 The image of the

object is
projected on the
sides of the box.
 The Glass Box Method

 Things to notice!
 The projection
planes.
 The projectors.
 How surfaces A
and B are
projected.
 The Glass Box Method

 The box is unfolded

creating the 6
principle views.
The Glass Box Method
The Glass Box Method
Depth

Depth
 Standard Views
• When constructing an orthographic
projection, we need to include enough views
to completely describe the true shape of the
part.
– Complex part = more views
– Simple part = less views
 Standard Views
• The standard views used in an orthographic
projection are;
– Front view
– Top view
– Right side view

• The remaining 3 views usually don’t add any

new information.
Standard Views
Top view

Front view Right side view

Standard Views

Depth
Width
Height
 View Alignment
• The top and front views are aligned vertically
and share the same width dimension.

• The front and right side views are aligned

horizontally and share the same height
dimension.
 View Alignment
Top

45°

Front Side
 MULTIVIEW PROJECTION
Three principle dimensions … can be presented only
of an object … two in each view.

Adjacent view(s)

Depth
is needed to
Height fulfill the size
description.

Width Depth
Height

Width Depth
 Line Type and Weight
• Line type and line weight provide valuable
information to the print reader.
• For example, line type and weight can answer
the following questions.
– Is the feature visible or hidden from view?
– Is the line part of the object or part of a
dimension?
– Is the line indicating symmetry?
 Visible, Center, and Hidden lines

Visible lines represent visible edges and

boundaries.
Continuous and thick

Represent axes of symmetry.

Long dash – short dash and thin

Hidden lines represent edges and

boundaries that cannot be seen.
Dashed and medium thick
Visible, Center, and Hidden lines
 ONE-VIEW DRAWING
Flat part having a uniform thickness.

Unnecessary

This view provide only information

about the part thickness !
 TWO-VIEW DRAWING
There exists an identical view.

Repeat !

Unnecessary
 TWO-VIEW DRAWING
The 3rd view has no significant contours of the object.

Unnecessary
 Inclined and curved surfaces
Inclined and curved surface is visible in two views in the same time
and in third view can be seen as inclined line

D
H W

W D

H
Inclined and curved surfaces
Inclined and curved surfaces
 Isometric sketch
How to draw isometric multi view
A

L
O

J
C
J L
B

O O
 Isometric sketch
Step.1

Begin by sketching the

object as if it were a solid
cube. This defines the
basic shape of the object.
The measurements of
overall Width (A), Height
(B) and Depth (C) are
transferred from the
orthographic to the
isometric. O
 Isometric sketch
Step 2

The measurements
J, K and L are
transferred to the
isometric grid to
locate the corners of
the oblique plane.
The oblique surface
is drawn by
connecting the
corners.
EXAMPLE B
EXAMPLE B
EXAMPLE B
EXAMPLE B
EXAMPLE B
Isometric Drawing of Object with
an Curved Surfaces
• The orthographic

N
drawing shown will
be drawn as an
isometric drawing in
the following steps. O

Note the orientation J

of the inclined
surface and the J N
measurements.

M
K
O O
Isometric Drawing – Step 1
• Step 1 – Sketch the
flat plate as a
rectangular prism.
Using the edges to
create a
parallelogram, lightly
construct the ellipse
in both the top and
bottom surfaces of
the prism.

Step 1
Isometric Drawing – Step 2
• Step 2 – Draw a light
construction line from
the center of both
ellipses to the
opposite corners.
These lines identify
where the vertical
edge of the rounded
end appears.
• Only half of a
parallelogram is
needed for the top
and bottom surfaces
of the rounded end.
Construct the
parallelogram for the
base of the cylinder.
Step 2
Isometric Drawing – Step 3
• Step 3 – Using the
distance “L”, draw the
parallelogram where
the top of the cylinder
appears. Draw lines
through the centers of
the ellipses to the
acute angle corners of
the parallelograms.
These two light
construction lines
determine where the
lower ellipse ends and
the edges of the
cylinder are drawn.
Step 3
Isometric Drawing – Step 4
• Step 4 – Add the
ellipses representing
the tops of the two
holes. Remove the
back corner that
disappears behind
the cylinder. The
isometric is now
complete.

Step 4
Missing View Problems
 Missing View Problems

How to draw third view

Autumn 2008 44
Missing View Problems

Autumn 2008 45
Missing View Problems
Missing View Problems

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Missing line Problems