Chapter-1

Introduction to Object
Oriented
Programming

SUSHANT BHATTARAI
1. 1 Software
Evolution

SUSHANT BHATTARAI
Software Evolution 3

 Evolution is the gradual development.

 Software is also evolving from what it was
before, representing and being an integral part
of our real world.
1.2 Basics of Object
Oriented
Programming

SUSHANT BHATTARAI
 5

Procedure oriented
programming
 Each statement tells the computer to do
something.
 Programs are list of statements(procedures)
 Fine for easy and small programs.
 6

Procedure oriented
programming
 When a program becomes large, such
paradigm(method) becomes ineffective.
 For this the program was broken down into
functions and modules.(Structure)
 Structured programming was popular for some
decades.
 7

Procedure oriented
programming
 As programs grew larger, structured
programming also became ineffective.
 Google The Mythical Man-Month for details.
 The problem is with the procedure oriented
programming paradigm.
 No matter how well structured programming is
implemented, large programs become
excessively complex.
 8
Problems with Procedure Oriented
Programming
 Consider an example of an inventory program.
 One important global data is collection of items
in the inventory.
 Various functions access this data to input a
new item, display an item, modify an item etc.
 9
Problems with Procedure Oriented
Programming-Unrestricted Access
 1
Problems with Procedure Oriented 0
Programming-Unrestricted Access

 Large program has many functions and many

global data items.
 1
Problems with Procedure Oriented 1
Programming-Unrestricted Access

 Program will be hard to conceptualize.

 It will be even harder to modify.
 Eg: in that inventory system, if someone
decides to change product code from 5 digits to
12 digits, think what will happen?
 And if the program is large, it will be hard to tell
which function accesses which data.
 1
Problems with Procedure Oriented 2
Programming-Real World Modeling

 Procedural paradigm arranges data and

function separately.
 Hence, it models real world poorly.
 Real objects aren’t like data and functions. They
have attributes and behaviors.
 Attributes are like data and behaviors are like
functions.
 1
Problems with Procedure Oriented 3
Programming-Real World Modeling

 So, neither data nor functions by themselves

model real world perfectly.
 1
Problems with Procedure Oriented 4
Programming-New Data Types

 Difficulty in creating new data type.

 Example – Coordinate system.
 Results in complexity while writing and
maintainence.
 1
Object Oriented Programming 5

 The fundamental idea in object-oriented

programming is to combine both data and the
functions that operate on the data into a
single unit called object.
 Data of an object is accessible by the function
of the object.
 1
Object Oriented Programming 6

 You cannot access the data directly.

 Data and functions are encapsulated.
 If you want to modify the data in an object, you
know exactly which functions interact with it.
 This simplifies writing, debugging and
maintaining the program.
 1
Object Oriented Programming 7
 1
Object Oriented Programming- An 8
Analogy
 Can think of objects as departments in
a company.
 Sales, marketing, accounting, HR etc.
 Each department has it’s own
personnel.
 Also has it’s own data
 The people in each department control
and operate on that department’s data.
 Dividing the company into departments
makes it’s easier to comprehend and
control the company’s activities.
 1
Object Oriented Programming- An 9
Analogy
 If you are a sales manager and want to
know about salaries paid in January then
 You don’t just go into accounting
department and start looking at files.
 You will request a person who works on the
accounting department for that data and
he/she will provide you with the details.
 This ensures data is accessed accurately
and that it is not corrupted by inept
outsiders.
 In the same way, Objects will provide
efficient mechanisms to handle company’s
data efficiently ensuring it’s integrity.
 2
Object Oriented Programming 0

 Keep in mind that an OOP program may look

like a program written in procedural language.
 It just differs in the bigger picture, about overall
organization.
Assignment #1 2
1

 Procedure Oriented Vs Object Oriented

Programming.
1.3 Elements of
Object Oriented
Programming

SUSHANT BHATTARAI
Object 2
3

 Problem is divided into objects in OOP.

 Program can be designed easily and effectively.
 Models real world well.
 Object consist of data and set of functions that
operate on the data.
Object 2
4

 What kind of things become object?

 Humans like students, employees etc.
 Physical objects like automobiles in a
traffic flow simulation, electrical
components in a circuit program,
airplanes in air traffic program,
countries in an economic model etc.
 Elements of computer like windows,
menu, mouse etc.
Classes 2
5

 Objects are the member of classes.

 A class is like a plan of how an object will be.
 It specifies what data and functions will be
included in the object of the class.
 Defining the class doesn’t create any objects.
Classes 2
6

 Bipul Chettri, Narayan Gopal etc. are objects of

class called musicians.
 There is no one person called musician but
specific people with specific names are member
of this class if they possess certain
characteristics.
Encapsulation 2
7

 Data and functions that operate on the data are

encapsulated in a single entity called Object.
Abstraction 2
8

 You cannot access the data directly.

 It is hidden.
 To access and modify the data, you need to
interface with the function that interact with it.
 Abstraction refers to an act of representing
essential features without including ground
details or explanations.
Inheritance 2
9

 Idea of class leads to inheritance.

 Class of animals contain mammals, insects etc.
 Class of vehicle consists of cars, trucks, buses
etc.
 The principle is that each subclass shares
common characteristics with the class from
which it is derived.
Inheritance 3
0

 Features A and B, which are part of base class, are common to

all derived classes, but that each derived class also has a
feature of it’s own.
Inheritance 3
1
 InOOP, a class can be divided into
subclasses.
 Original Class is called a base class and
other classes formed from base class are
called derived classes.
Reusability 3
2
 Oncea class has been written, tested and
debugged, it can be distributed to other
programmers for use in their own
languages.
 This is called Reusability.
 Concept of inheritance provides an
important extension to the idea of
reusability.
Polymorphism and 3
3
Overloading
 Polymorphism means having many forms.
 Using operators or functions in different ways,
depending on what they are operating on, is
called Polymorphism.
Dynamic binding 3
4

 It is the process of connecting the method call

to the specific method at runtime.
 The compiler decides which method should be
called for a particular call during runtime.
Message Passing 3
5

 Sending and receiving of information by the

objects same as people exchange information.
 This helps in building systems that simulate real
life.
1.4 Object Oriented
Languages.

SUSHANT BHATTARAI
OOP Languages 3
7

 C++
 Smalltalk
 Java
 C#.net
 Python etc.
1.5 Advantages and
Disadvantages of OOP

SUSHANT BHATTARAI
OOP Good or Bad? 3
9

 Main idea to create OOP was to remove some of

the major disadvantages of the procedural
programming approach.
 OOP is revolutionary idea, yet it has some
disadvantages.
 Pros weigh out the cons.
Advantages of OOP 4
0

 Programs written with OOP are really easy

to understand.
 Since, everything is treated as objects, we
can model a real-world concept very well.
 OOP approach offers reusability of classes.
We can reuse the classes that are already
created without writing them again and
again .
 Program can be modular. Easy to create,
test, debug and maintain.
 Data abstraction is achieved.
Disadvantages of OOP 4
1

 Sometimes the relation among classes gets

artificial.
 Designing a program in OOP concept is a bit
tricky.
 Extra skills is required.
 Size of program will be comparatively larger.
 Larger program results in slower execution as
more instruction needs to be executed.
Summary 4
2

 OOP is a way of organizing programs.

 The emphasis is on the way programs are
designed, not on coding details.
 Object consists of both data and functions that
operate on the data.
 Abstraction means data hiding.
 Encapsulation means binding data and
functions together.
Summary 4
3

 Code can be reusable with the concept of

classes and inheritance.
 Polymorphism is also an important feature.