PROGRAMMING IN C++

1 COURSE CONTENT
 UNIT – I
PRINCIPLES OF OBJECT
ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
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1.1 Procedure oriented Programming
1.2 Object oriented programming paradigm
1.3 Basic concepts of Object Oriented Programming
1.4 Advantages of Object Oriented Programming
1.5 Object Oriented Languages
1.6 Applications of Object Oriented Programming
1.7 C++ Concepts
1.8 Structure of C++ program
1.9 Applications of C++
1.10 Basic Data types in C++
1.11 User defined Data types
1.12 Derived Data types
1.13 Defining Constants
1.14 Declaration of variables and Dynamic initialization of variables
1.15 Reference variables
1.16 Operators in C++
1.17 Scope Resolution Operators
1.18 Member dereferencing Operators 3
1.19 Memory Management Operators and Manipulators
1.20 Type cast Operator
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INTRODUCTION

 Object oriented programming is an approach to

program organization and development that
attempts to eliminate some of the pitfalls of
conventional programming method by
incorporating the best of structured
programming features with several powerful new
concepts.
 C++ is a superset of C.

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PROCEDURE ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

 Conventional programming using high level

languages such as COBOL,FORTRAN and C is
known as procedure oriented programming(POP).
 In this approach, problem is viewed as a sequence
of things to be done such as Reading, Calculating,
Printing.
 Number of functions are written to complete the
task.
 It consists a list of instructions and organize these
instructions into group known as functions.
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 Disadvantage of POP:
 To develop a large program, it is very difficult to identify
what data is used by which function.
 It does not model(solve) real world problem very well.
 Characteristics Exhibited:
 Emphasis is on doing things (algorithms)
 Large programs divide into smaller programs known as
functions.
 Data move openly around the system from function to
function.
 Functions transform data from one form to another.
 All the function share global data.
 Uses top-down approach in program.
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CONTD..
Main Program

Function - 1 Function - 2 Function - 3

Function - 4 Function - 5

Function - 6 Function - 7 Function - 8

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Structure of the procedure oriented programs
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OOP PARADIGM

 OOP treats data as a critical element in the

program development and does not allow it to flow
freely around the system.
 It ties data more closely to the functions that
operate on it, and protects it from accidential
modification from outside function.
 OOP allows decomposition of a problem into a
number of entities called objects and then builds
data and functions around these objects.

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CONTD..
Features of OOP:
 Emphasis on data rather than procedure.
 Programs are divided into objects.
 Data structures are designed such that they
characterize the objects .
 Function that operate on the data of an object are
tied together in the data structure.
 Data is hidden and can’t be accessed by external
function.
 Objects may communicate with each other through
functions.
 New data and functions can be easily added
whenever necessary. 9
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CONTD..
Object A Object B

Data Data

Functions Functions

Object C

Functions

Data

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Organization of data and function in OOP

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BASIC CONCEPTS OF OOP

 Objects
 Classes

 Data abstraction and encapsulation

 Inheritance

 Polymorphism

 Dynamic binding

 Message passing

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OBJECTS

 Objects are the basic run-time entities in the object

oriented system.
 They may represent a data or items that the
program has to handle.
 Each object contains the data and code to
manipulate the data.
 Objects can interact without having to know details
of each other's data or code.

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CONTD..

 Representation of object by example:

Here, STUDENT is an object and Total, Average and
Display are the data of that object.

STUDENT
Total

Average

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Display
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CLASSES
 Objects are variables of the type class.
 Once a class has been defined, we can create any
number of objects belonging to that class.
 Each object is associated with the data of type class
with which they are created.
 So, class is a collection of objects of similar type.
 For example, tiger, lion and panther are members of
the class animal.
 Class are user-defined data type and behave like
the built-in types of a programming language.
 Example:
animal tiger;
it will create an object tiger of the class animal.14
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DATA ABSTRACTION AND ENCAPSULATION

 The wrapping up of data and functions into a single
unit (called class) is known as encapsulation.
 It is a most striking feature of class.

 The data is not accessible to the outside world, and

only those functions which are wrapped in the
class can access it.
 These functions provide an interface between the
object’s data and the program.

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CONTD..
 Abstraction refers to the act of representing the
essential features without including the background
details.
 Classes use the concept of abstraction and are
defined as a list of attributes and functions to
operate on these attributes.
 They encapsulate all the essential properties of the
objects that are to be created.
 The attributes are sometimes called data members
because they hold information.
 The functions that operate on those data are
sometimes called methods or member functions.
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INHERITANCE

 Inheritance is the process by which objects of one

class acquire the properties of objects of another
class.
 It supports the concept of hierarchical
classification.
 It provides the idea of reusability.
 With the help of inheritance we can add the
additional features to an existing class without
modifying it.
 It is possible by deriving a new class from existing
one.
 The new class will have the combined features of
both the classes.
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CONTD..
Bird
Attributes
Feathers
Lay eggs

Flying Bird Nonflying Bird

Attributes Attributes

Robin Swallow Penguin Kiwi

Attributes Attributes Attributes Attributes

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Example of Inheritance
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POLYMORPHISM
 Polymorphism means the ability to take more than
one form.
 An operation may exhibit different behaviors in
different instances.
 The behavior depends upon the types of data used
in the operation.
 Example: The operation of addition.

for, two numbers the operation will generate a

sum. If the operands are strings, then the
operation would produce a third string by
concatenation.

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CONTD..
 The process of making an operator to exhibit
different behavior in different instances is known
as operator overloading.
 Same, using a single function name to perform
different types of task is known as function
overloading.
 Polymorphism plays an important role in allowing
objects having different internal structures to
share the same external interface.

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CONTD..

Shape
Draw ( )

Circle Object Box Object Triangle Object

Draw ( circle) Draw ( box) Draw ( triangle)

Example of Polymorphism 21
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DYNAMIC BINDING (LATE BINDING)

 Binding means the linking of procedure call to the

code to be executed in response to the call.
 Dynamic binding means that the code associated
with a given procedure call is not known until the
time of the call at run-time.
 It is associated with polymorphism and inheritance.

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MESSAGE PASSING

 An object oriented program consists of a set of objects

that communicate with each other.

 Steps for Message Passing:

1. Creating classes that define objects and their behavior.
2. Creating objects from class definition,
3. Establishing communication among objects.

 Objects communicate with one another by sending and

receiving information.
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CONTD..
 A message for an object is a request for execution of
a procedure and therefore will invoke a
function(procedure) in the receiving object that
generates the desired result.
 Message passing involves the name of the object,
the name of the function(message) and the
information to be sent.
 Example:

employee. salary(name)

object message information

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BENEFITS OF OOP
 Through inheritance, we can eliminate the
redundant code and extend the use of existing
classes.
 Save the development time and higher productivity.

 Through data hiding, the programmer can build

secure program that cannot be modified by code in
the other part of the program.
 It is possible to have multiple instances of an object
to co-exist without any interference.
 It is easy to partition the work in a project based on
objects.

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CONTD..
 The data centered design approach enables us to
capture more details of a model in implementable
form.
 Object-oriented system can be easily upgraded from
small to large system.
 Message passing techniques for communication
between objects makes the interface descriptions
with external systems much simpler.
 Software complexity can be easily managed.

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OBJECT ORIENTED LANGUAGES

 The languages should support several of the OOP

concepts to claim that they are object-oriented.

 Depending upon the features they support, they can be

classified into the two categories.
1. Object-based programming language
2. Object-oriented programming language.

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CONTD..
 Object-based programming language:
It supports encapsulation and object identity.
Major features required for object-based programming
are :
 Data encapsulation

 Data hiding and access mechanisms

 Automatic initialization and clear-up of objects

 Operator overloading

They don’t support inheritance and dynamic binding.

Ada is a example of object-based programming language.

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CONTD..
 Object-oriented programming language:
object-oriented programming incorporates all
of object-based programming features along with
two additional features, inheritance and dynamic
binding.

Language that support these features include C++,

Smalltalk, Object Pascal and java.

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APPLICATION OF OOP

 Real-time systems.
 Simulation and modeling.

 Object-oriented databases.

 Hypertext, hypermedia and experttext.

 AI and expert systems.

 Neural networks and parallel programming.

 Decision support and office automation systems.

 CIM/CAM/CAD systems.

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C++ CONCEPT
 C++ is an object-oriented programming
language.
 It is developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at AT&T
bell laboratories in 1980.
 C++ is a superset of C.

 Almost all C programs are also C++ programs.

 Added facilities in C++ are classes, inheritance,

function overloading and operator overloading.

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STRUCTURE OF C++ PROGRAM

Include Files

Class Declarations

Member Function Definitions

Main Function Programs

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CONTD..

Member Functions

Server
Class Definitions

Client
Member Function Program

Client - Server Model

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CONTD..

 In the client-server model, the class definition

including the member functions constitute the server
provides services to the main program known as client.

 The client uses the server through the public interface

of class.

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TOKENS

 The smallest individual units in a program are known

as tokens.

 In C++ there are five types of tokens.

 Keywords
 Identifiers
 Constants
 Strings
 operators

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KEYWORDS

 Keywords are explicitly reserved identifiers and

cannot be used as names for the variables or other
user-defined program elements.

 Example:
auto, class, return, int, friend, public, private,
protected, wchar_t, bool, etc...

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IDENTIFIERS

 Identifiers refer to the names of variables, functions,

arrays, classes, etc created by programmer.

 Rules for identifiers:

 Only alphabetic characters, digits and underscore
are permitted.
 Name cant start with digit.
 Uppercase and lowercase both are distinct.
 Keyword cant be used as a variable name.

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CONTD..

 A major difference between C and C++ is a limit on

the length of name.
 In C, there is only 32 characters are significant.

 While, in C++ there is no limit on the length of

name.

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CONSTANTS

 Constants refer to fixed values that do not change

during the execution of program.
 Example:

 123 // decimal integer

 25.56 // floating point integer
 037 // octal integer
 0x2 // hexadecimal integer
 “C++” // string constant
 ‘A’ // character constant
 L‘ab’ // wide-character constant
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CONTD..

 The wchar_t type is a wide-character literal.

 It is intended for character sets that cannot fit a
character into a single byte.
 Wide-character literal begin with the letter L.

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APPLICATION OF C++

 For handling very large programs.

 For development of

 Editors
 Compilers
 Databases
 Communication systems
 Complex real-life application systems
 For to build special object-oriented libraries which can
be used later by the programmers.
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BASIC DATA TYPES

 In C++, there is basically three types of data types

are available. This is shown in the figure.
 The void data type does not return any

Data types

User-defined type Built-in type Derived type

structure array
union function
class pointer
enumeration reference

Integral type void floating type

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int char float double

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USER-DEFINED DATA TYPES

 structure and union:
 In C, structure and union both are the user-defined data
types.
 Structure means collection of logically related elements of
different data type.
 Union is same as structure.
 But, there is a difference between a structure and union.
 In structure, we can use the all the elements at the same
time. Where in union we can use the only one element at
one time. After the use of one element we can use another
element. So, in union all the elements share a common
space. Where, in structure all the elements have its own
space.

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 class:
 A class is collection of object.
 In C++, structure is known as class. But it has some
difference.
 In structure, we can declare only a variable. Where in class
we can declare a variable (data member) as well as function
(member function).
 enumerated:
 An enumerated data type provides a way for attaching
names to numbers.
 The enum keyword is used to create a new data type.

 The enum keyword automatically enumerates a list of words

by assigning them values 0, 1, 2 and so on.

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  Example:
 Syntax: enum day
enum newdatatype {
{ Mon,
Value1, Tues,
Value2, Wed
Value3 };
};
 In the above example,
Mon has value 0, Tues
has value 1 and Wed
has value 2.
 Value of Mon, Tues and
Wed is not changed
during the execution of
the program.

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DERIVED DATA TYPES

 Arrays:
 An array is fixed size sequenced collection of elements of
same data type.
 Syntax: data-type array-name[size];
 Example: int a[10];
 In above example, a is an array which stores 10
different elements of integer data type.
 By default, the index of array is start from 0.

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 Functions:
 Function is a group of instruction to perform a specific
task.
 There is mainly two types of functions are available.

 Library function

 User defined function

 Advantage of the function is that we can reduce the

code. And eliminate the redundant code of the
program.
 Pointers:
 A pointer is a one type of variable which holds the
address of another variable.
 Syntax of pointer declaration:

data-type *variable-name;
 Example:

int *p; // pointer variable p is declared

p=&no; // address of no is assigned to p
*p=25; // 25 assigned to no through p 47
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DEFINING CONSTANTS
 Symbolic constants can be created by two ways.
 Using the qualifier constant

 Using enum keyword.

 Using constant,
 Example:

Constant int size=10;

OR
Constant size = 10;
 Both the statements are same. It creates a
constant
 variable size which has constant value 10. And it
cannot be changed during the execution of the
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program.
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DECLARATION OF VARIABLES
 There is some difference between C and C++
regarding to the declaration of the variable.
 In C, all the variables are declared at the beginning
of the scope.
 Where in C++, we can declare a variable anywhere
before they are used in the executable statements.
 Syntax of variable declaration: data-type
variable-name;
 Example: int i;
 In C++, we can also declare a variable in the
initialization section of the for loop statement which
is not possible with C.
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 Example:
void main()
{
int sum=0;
for (int i=1;i<10;i++)
{
sum = sum + i;
}
cout<< “ Sum of 1 to 10 is :” << sum;
}

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REFERENCE VARIABLES

 A reference variable is a one type of variable.

 It provides an alias or alternative name for a
previously defined variable.
 Suppose, we make the variable sum a reference to
the variable total, then sum and total can be used
interchangeably to represent that variable.
 Syntax :
data-type & reference-name = variable-
name;

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 Example:
int a=15,b=25,total;
total = a + b;
int & sum = total;
cout<<total; // it will print 40
cout<<sum; // it will print 40
sum = 20;
cout<<total; // it will print 20
cout<<sum; // it will print 20
 A reference variable must be initialized
at the time of declaration.
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OPERATOR IN C++
 C++ has rich set of operators all C operators are valid
in C++.
 In addition, C++ introduce some new operators. Some
new operators:-
 :: scope resolution operator
 ::* pointer-to-member declarator
 ->* pointer-to-member operator
 .* pointer-to-member operator
 delete memory release operator
 new memory allocation operator

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SCOPE RESOLUTION OPERATOR

 Local variable: A variable which is declared inside

the function or block is called as the local variable
for that function and block.
 Global variable: A variable which is declared
outside the function or block is called as the global
variable for that function and block.
 In C, to access the global version of the variable
inside the function and block that is not possible.
 In C++, the global version of variable is accessed
inside the function and block using the scope
resolution operator.
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 Scope resolution operator is used to uncover a
hidden variable.
 Syntax:
::variable-name
 Example:
int a = 10;
void main( )
{
int a = 15;
cout<< “ Value of a = ” << a<<endl;
cout<< “ Value of a = ” << ::a;
}
Output:
Value of a = 15
Value of a = 10

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MEMBER DEREFERENCING OPERATORS
• The Member dereferencing operators use in the
class, the following
the member dereferencing operators use for
different purpose.

 : :* To declare a pointer to the member class.

 .* To access a member using object and pointer of

the class.

 ->* To access member using a pointer of the object

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and the pointer of the member.
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MEMORY MANAGEMENT OPERATORS

 In C, calloc( ) and malloc( ) function are used to allocate

memory dynamically at runtime.
 Similarly, it uses the function free( ) to free
dynamically allocated memory.
 In C++, the unary operators new and delete are used to
allocate and free a memory at run-time.
 An object can be created by using new and destroyed by
using delete operator.
 The new operator can be used to create objects of any
type.

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 Syntax:
pointer-variable = new data-type;
 Example:
int *p = new int;
float *q = new float;
 Using the new operator we can also initialize
the memory.
 Syntax:
Pointer-variable = new data-type(value);
 Example:
int *p= new int(25);
float *q = new float(10.5);
 The new operator can be used to create a
memory space for any data type including
user-defined types such as arrays, structures
and classes.
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 Syntax:
pointer-variable = new data-type[size];
where, size specifies the number of elements in the
array.
 Example:
int *p = new int [10];
which create a memory space for an array of 10
integers.
 When a data object is no longer needed, it is destroyed
to release the memory space for reuse.
 Syntax:
delete pointer-variable;
 Example:
delete p;
delete q;
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 To free a dynamically allocated array we can use the
delete operator.
 Syntax:
delete [size] pointer-variable;
The size specifies the number of elements in the
array to be freed.
 Example:
delete [ ] p;

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MANIPULATORS
Example:
 Manipulators are operators #include<iostream.h>
that are used to format the #include<conio.h>
output. void main()
 Most commonly used {
manipulators are endl and clrscr();
setw. int a=15,b=420,c=3542;
 The endl manipulator is cout<< “a =”<<a<<endl;
used in the output cout<< “b =”<<b<<endl;
statement when we want to cout<< “c =”<<c<<endl;
insert a linefeed. getch();
 It has the same effect as }
using the newline character
“\n”. Output:
a = 15
b = 420
c = 3542 61
 The setw manipulator is #include<iostream.h>
used to format the output. #include<conio.h>
void main()
 When we use the setw {
manipulator the output is clrscr();
formatted in right justified. int a=15, b=420, c=3542;
 Before using the setw cout<< “a =”<<setw(4)<<a<<endl;
manipulator we have to cout<< “b =”<<setw(4)<<b<<endl;
include the header file cout<< “c =”<<setw(4)<<c<<endl;
iomanip. getch();
}
 Syntax:
setw(width) Output:
Where, width specifies the a = 15
field width. b = 420
c =3542

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TYPE CAST OPERATOR
 Casts can be used to convert objects of any scalar
type to or from any other scalar type.

By: Mr. Jigar J. Patel, VPMP Polytechnic

 Explicit type casts are constrained by the same
rules that determine the effects of implicit
conversions.
 Example

float x = 3.1;
int i;
i = (int)x; //the value of I is now 3

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 Types cast operators
 Casts can be used to convert objects of any scalar type to or
from any other scalar type.

 Explicit type casts are constrained by the same rules that

determine the effects of implicit conversions.

 Example
float x = 3.1;
int i;
i = (int)x; //the value of I is now 3