Somali National university
Faculty: education
Department: B9 Chem&Bio
Lecture: endocrine system
Presentation: G4
What is the endocrine system?
The endocrine system is made up of glands and the hormones they
secrete. Although the endocrine glands are the primary hormone
producers, the brain, heart, lungs, liver, skin, thymus, gastrointestinal
mucosa, and placenta also produce and release hormones.
What is the endocrine system?
The primary endocrine glands are the pituitary (the
master gland), pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, islets of
Langerhans, adrenals, ovaries in the female and
testes in the male.
The function of the endocrine system is the
production and regulation of chemical substances
called hormones.
Hormones…
A hormone is a chemical transmitter. It is released in small amounts from
glands, and is transported in the bloodstream to target organs or other cells.
Hormones are chemical messengers, transferring information and instructions
from one set of cells to another.
Hyposecretion or hypersecretion of any hormone can be harmful
to the body. Controlling the production of hormones can treat many
hormonal disorders in the body.
Hormones regulate growth, development, mood, tissue function, metabolism,
and sexual function.
Hormone…
The pituitary gland has 2 lobes. The
endocrine system and nervous system work together to help
maintain homeostasis… balance. The hypothalamus is a
collection of specialized cells located in the brain, and is the
primary link between the two systems. It produces chemicals
that either stimulate or suppress hormone secretions of the
pituitary gland.
Secretions from the anterior pituitary gland
Growth Hormone (GH): essential for the growth and development of
bones, muscles, and other organs. It also enhances protein synthesis,
decreases the use of glucose, and promotes fat destruction.
Adrenocorticotropin (TRŌ pun) (ACTH): essential for the growth of the
adrenal cortex.
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): essential for the growth and
development of the thyroid gland.
Secretions from the anterior pituitary gland
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): is a
gonadotropic hormone.
It stimulates the growth ovarian follicles in the female
and the production of sperm in the male.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH): is a gonadotropic hormone
stimulating the development of corpus luteum in the
female ovarian follicles and the production of
testosterone in the male.
Secretions from the anterior pituitary gland
Prolactin (PRL): stimulates the development
and growth of the mammary glands and milk
production during pregnancy.
The sucking motion of the baby stimulates
prolactin secretion.
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
(MSH): regulates skin pigmentation and
promotes the deposit of melanine in the
skin after exposure to sunlight
Secretions from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland…
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): stimulates the
reabsorption of water by the renal tubules. Hyposecretion
of this hormone can result in diabetes insipidus.
Oxytocin: stimulates the uterus to contract during labor,
delivery, and parturition. A synthetic version of this
hormone, used to induce labor, is called Pitocin. It also
stimulates the mammary glands to release milk.
Secretions from the pineal gland
Melatonin: communicates information about environmental lighting to
various parts of the body. Has some effect on sleep/awake cycles and
other biological events connected to them, such as a lower production
of gastric secretions at night.
Serotonin: a neurotransmitter that regulates intestinal movements and
affects appetite, mood, sleep, anger, and metabolism.
Secretions of the thyroid gland…
The thyroid gland plays a vital role in metabolism
and regulates the body’s metabolic processes.
Calcitonin: influences bone and calcium metabolism;
maintains a homeostasis of calcium in the blood
plasma
Secretions of the thyroid gland…
Thyroxine (T4) and triodothyronine (T3): essential to
BMR – basal metabolic rate (the rate at which a
person’s body burns calories while at rest); influences
physical/mental development and growth
Secretions of the parathyroid gland…
The two pairs of parathyroid glands are located on the dorsal
or back side of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid
(PTH) which plays a role in the metabolism of phosphorus.
Too little results in cramping; too much results in
osteoporosis or kidney stones.
The islets of Langerhans
The islets of Langerhans are small clusters of
cells located in the pancreas.
Secretions from the islets of Langerhans
Alpha cells Beta cells secrete the Delta cells
facilitate the hormone insulin, which is suppress the
breakdown of essential for the release of
glycogen to maintenance of normal glucagon and
glucose. This blood sugar levels. insulin.
elevates the Inadequate levels result in
blood sugar. diabetes mellitus.
The adrenal glands…
The triangular-shaped adrenal glands are
located on the top of each kidney. The
inside is called the medulla and the outside
layer is called the cortex.
Secretions from the adrenal cortex…
Androgens: several
Aldosterone: essential in regulating hormones including
electrolyte and water balance by testosterone; they
promoting sodium and chloride promote the
retention and potassium excretion. development of
secondary sex
characteristics in the
male.
Secretions from the adrenal medulla…
Dopamine is used to treat shock. It dilates the arteries,
blood pressure, increases cardiac outelevates systolic
put, and increases urinary output.
Epinephrine is also called adrenalin. It elevates
systolic blood pressure, increases heart rate and cardiac
output, speeds up the release of glucose from the liver…
giving a spurt of energy, dilates the bronchial tubes and
relaxes airways, and dilates the pupils to see more
clearly. It is often used to counteract an allergic reaction.
Secretions from the adrenal medulla…
Norepinephrine, like epinephrine, is released when
the body is under stress. It creates the underlying
influence in the fight or flight response. As a drug,
however, it actually triggers a drop in heart rate.
Secretions of the ovaries
The ovaries produce several estrogen hormones and progesterone.
These hormones prepare the uterus for pregnancy, promote the development
of mammary glands, play a role in sex drive, and develop secondary sex
characteristics in the female.
Estrogen is essential for the growth, development, and maintenance of
female .sex organs
Secretions of the testes
The testes produce the male sex hormone called
testosterone. It is essential for normal growth and
development of the male sex organs. Testosterone it
also plays a key role in regulating sexual desire in
males.
Secretions of the placenta
During pregnancy, the It produces chorionic
placenta serves as an gonadotropin hormone,
endocrine gland. estrogen, and
progesterone.
Secretions of the thymus
The thymus gland has two lobes, and is part
of the lymphatic system. It is a ductless gland,
and secretes thymosin. This is necessary for
the Thymus’ normal production of T cells for the
immune system.
GROUP 4 NAMES
• Ali Abdulahi Ali
ID: 1716
• Abdirahman Abdirashid Yusuf
ID: 1565
• Mawlid Bashir Hasan
ID: 1752
• Mascuud ciise mire
ID: 17524
• Maqdis Ahmed Abdi
ID: 1714
