Chapter 3 Genetics:
The Science of
Heredity
Section 1: Mendel’s Work
Section 1- Objectives:
Todescribe Mendel’s genetics
experiments
Toidentify the factors that control the
inheritance of traits in organisms
Toexplain how geneticists use symbols
to represent alleles.
Vocab
1. trait
A characteristic that an organism can
pass on to its offspring through its
genes.
2. heredity
The passing of traits from parents to
offspring.
3. genetics
The scientific study of heredity.
4. purebred
An organism that always produces
offspring with the same form of a trait
as the parent.
5. gene
A segment of DNA on a chromosome
that codes for a specific trait.
6. alleles
The different forms of a gene.
7. dominant allele
An allele whose trait always shows up in
the organism when the allele is present.
8. recessive allele
An allele that is masked when a
dominant allele is present.
9. hybrid
An organism that has two different
alleles for a trait; an organism that is
heterozygous for a particular trait.
Notes
1. Gregor Mendel
_______________________ is
called the “father of genetics”
2. Mendel used peas because:
– A. They
_________________________
have many traits that exist in only 2 forms
Garden peas produce large numbers of
– B. _________________________
offspring in one generation so it is easy
to collect large amounts of data to analyze
3.
Traits are controlled by
inheritance
_________________ of
genes
_____________
4. one
Organisms inherit ______ allele
from _________
each parent.
5. Some alleles are
dominant
____________________and others are
recessive
__________________________.
Chapter 3 Genetics:
The Science of
Heredity
Section 2: Probability &
Genetics
Section 2 -Objectives:
To describe the principles of probability
and how Mendel applied them to
inheritance
To state how geneticists use Punnett
squares
To explain the meaning of the terms
phenotype, genotype, homozygous,
heterozygous, and codominance.
Vocab
10. probability
The likelihood that a particular event
will occur.
11. Punnett square
A chart that shows all the possible
combinations of alleles that can result
from a genetic cross.
12. phenotype
An organism’s physical appearance, or
visible traits.
13. genotype
An organism’s genetic makeup, or allele
combinations.
14. homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a trait.
15. heterozygous
Having two different alleles for a trait.
16. codominance
A condition in which neither of two
alleles of a gene is dominant or
recessive.
Notes
1.Probability is the
likelihood
___________________ that a
particular event
____________________ will occur.
2._____________________
Mendel was the
first scientist to recognize that the
principles
________________________ of
probability
________________________ can be
used to predict the result of genetic
crosses.
3. Geneticists use Punnett squares to:
– A. Show all the possible outcomes of a
genetic cross
– B. Determine the probability of a particular
outcome
Phenotype
4._________________________ is
the physical appearance, while
genotype
________________________ is the
_______________________
Genetic makeup make-up.
5. Punnett Square
practice: B b
B-Blue
b-red
B BB Bb
Genotype: b Bb bb
1 BB: 2Bb: 1bb
Phenotype:
3 Blue, 1 red
5. Punnett Square
practice: G g
G- Green g Gg gg
g-Yellow
Genotype: g Gg gg
–2 Gg: 2gg
Phenotype:
–2 Green: 2 Yellow
Your turn. Practice sheet.
Independent and Silent
Refer to your notes.
Go over as a group.
Chapter 3 Genetics:
The Science of
Heredity
Section 3: The Cell and
Inheritance
Section 3: The Cell and
Inheritance
Todescribe the role of chromosomes in
inheritance
Toidentify and describe the events
that occur during meiosis
17. meiosis
The process that occurs in sex cells
(sperm and egg) by which the number of
chromosomes is reduced by half.
Notes
1.Sex cells have exactly
half
____________ the number of
chromosomes as ____________
other cells.
2. The chromosome theory of inheritance
states:
Genes are carried from parents
to their offspring on chromosomes
http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/iText/products/0-1
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3. During meiosis, the chromosome:
The chromosome pairs
separate and are distributed
to two different cells. The
resulting sex cells have only
have half as many
chromosomes as the other
cells in the organism.
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See pg. In text
4. Genes
____________________ are
located on chromosomes.
5.Our bodies have ________
23 pairs of
chromosomes that contain over
__________
60,000 genes.
Chapter 3 Genetics:
The Science of
Heredity
Section 4: The DNA
Connection
Section 4: The DNA Connection -
Objectives:
To explain the term “genetic code”:
Todescribe the process by which a cell
produces proteins
Todescribe different types of
mutations and how they affect an
organism.
17. messenger RNA
RNA that copies the coded message
from DNA in the nucleus and carries
the message into the cytoplasm.
18. transfer RNA
RNA in the cytoplasm that carries an
amino acid to the ribosome and adds it
to the growing protein chain.
Notes
1. The main function of genes is to:
Control the production of
proteins in the organism’s cells.
Proteins help to determine the
size, shape, and many other
traits in an organism.
2. order
The _________ of
nitrogen
_______________ bases along a
_____________
gene forms a genetic code
that specifies what type of
protein
___________ will be produced.
http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/iText/products/0-13-0367
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3. mutation
A _____________ is a change in a
___________
gene or
____________________.
chromosome
DNA mutations:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ajRf8yMBe0
4. Mutations can be:
A. Harmful
____________ and an example
would be ______________.
cancer
Helpful
B. ____________ and an example would
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria
be ______________.
C. ______________________
Neither harmful or helpful and an
example would be ______________.
A white buffalo color on
a farm (versus a white
buffalo color in the wild)
