CHAPTER 5

URBAN PLANNNG
APPORACH
GROUP 6
CONTENT

1.SOCIO‐ECONOMIC PROFILE OF A CITY

2.URBAN PLANNING APPROACH FOR GREEN CITY,

COMPACT CITY (TOD, INTENSIVE USE OF LAND AND
SMART CITY

3.APPROACHES FOR PLANNING BASED ON CITY

TYPOLOGIES.
 SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE
OF A CITY
 INTRODUCTION-
 DELHI IS RAPIDLY EMERGING AS A WORLD-CLASS METROPOLIS. WITH A 15%
AVERAGE COMPOUNDED GROWTH RATE, IT HAS ONE OF THE FASTEST
GROWING ECONOMIES IN THE COUNTRY, AMONG CITIES WITH MILLION
PLUS POPULATION. AS WITH ALL METROS, DELHI’S ECONOMY IS DRIVEN BY
THE SERVICES SECTOR, WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR 78% OF ITS GSDP AND
PROVIDES EMPLOYMENT TO 58% OF THE LABOUR FORCE. THE GROWING
AFFLUENCE OF ITS POPULACE IS REFLECTED BY THE RELATIVELY HIGH PER
CAPITA INCOME, WHICH AT RS. 47,477 IN 2002-03 RANKS SECOND ONLY TO
CHANDIGARH. ITS LITERACY RATE OF 81.82% (AS PER CENSUS 2001) IS
FOURTH HIGHEST AMONG STATES IN THE COUNTRY. AT THE SAME TIME,
THIS AFFLUENCE ACTS AS A MAGNET FOR IMMIGRATION FROM
NEIGHBORING STATES AND DRIVES THE RAPID GROWTH IN THE CITY’S
POPULATION.
 AS PER THE 2001 CENSUS THE CITY HAD A DECADAL
GROWTH RATE OF 46.31% OVER 1991, WHICH WAS MORE
THAN DOUBLE THE ALL INDIA GROWTH RATE. ON THE ONE
HAND THE GROWING POPULATION, COUPLED WITH THE
GROWING PER CAPITA INCOME IS FUELLING THE GROWTH
OF THE SERVICES SECTOR, WHICH IN TURN PROVIDES
EMPLOYMENT TO A MAJORITY OF THE WORK FORCE. THE
HIGH PROPORTION OF IMMIGRATION ALSO PROVIDES A
READY POOL OF RESOURCES FOR THE UNORGANIZED
SECTOR OF THE CITY, WHICH CONSTITUTES A SIGNIFICANT
PORTION OF THE OVERALL ECONOMY OF DELHI. HOWEVER,
IT IS NECESSARY TO STUDY THE VARIOUS ASPECTS OF THE
ECONOMY TO UNDERSTAND THE DYNAMICS FURTHER AND
FORMULATE A COHERENT STRATEGY FOR THE FUTURE
 ECONOMIC PLANNING-
 ECONOMIC PLANNING FOR DELHI IS PRESENTLY
UNDERTAKEN AT THE STATE LEVEL, BY THE
PLANNING DEPARTMENT OF THE GOVT. OF NATIONAL
CAPITAL TERRITORY OF DELHI. THIS SECTION TAKES
A QUICK LOOK AT THE ECONOMIC PLANNING
AGENDAS OVER THE LAST FEW YEARS, AND THE
PRESENT TRENDS. OF THE RS. 15,541.28 CRORE
APPROVED BY THE PLANNING COMMISSION AS PLAN
OUTLAY FOR THE 9TH FIVE YEAR PLAN FOR DELHI,
THE TENTATIVE EXPENDITURE IN THE 9TH FIVE YEAR
PLAN WOULD BE ABOUT RS. 13,469.68 CRORE. IT IS
ABOUT 87% OF THE ORIGINAL APPROVED OUTLAY.
URBAN PLANNING APPROACH
FOR GREEN CITY
 INTRODUCTION
 TOWNS AND CITIES ARE GROWING AT AN ALARMING RATE, WITH
AN INCREASING TREND OF URBANIZATION ALONG WITH GREATER
DEMAND FOR URBAN SERVICES WHICH ARE INCREASING BEYOND
THE CAPACITY OF SERVICE PROVIDERS IN ALL CITIES IN INDIA.
HENCE GAP BETWEEN THE DEMANDS AND THE SUPPLY OF THESE
SERVICES IS WIDENING FROM DECADE TO DECADE. SIMILARLY THE
DEMAND FOR URBAN LAND AND INFRASTRUCTURE, WHICH ARE
SUPPLIED THROUGH DIFFERENT PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SERVICE
PROVIDERS ARE BECOMING SHORTAGE AND ALSO ATTAINED
PROBLEMS OF COMPLEX DIMENSIONS. IT IS A COMMON PROBLEM
IN ALMOST ALL CITIES OF INDIA. IT IS A KNOWN FACT THAT TOWNS
AND CITIES IN INDIA ARE GROWING AT A TREMENDOUS RATE, WITH
A HIGH TREND OF URBANIZATION WHICH IN-TURN CAUSES
GREATER DEMAND FOR URBAN SERVICES. THE NEED OF A PROPER
PLANNING WHICH IS REQUIRED TO ACCOMMODATE THE URBAN
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT THROUGH URBAN LOCAL BODIES IN
MOST OF THE COMPACT DEVELOPMENT AREAS AND THE GROWTH
AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE AREAS BEYOND LOCAL BODIES ARE
GENERALLY TAKEN CARE BY URBAN PLANNING AND
 WHAT IS THE MEANING OF PROPER PLANNING? HOW
TO PROVIDE URBAN SERVICES WITHOUT DAMAGING
THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT? HOW TO ESTABLISH
HARMONY BY PROVIDING HEALTHY LIFE AND
HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT? ALL THESE QUERIES CAN
BE ANSWERED IF THE EXISTING URBAN PLANNING
ADOPTS THE GREEN CONCEPT. THIS PAPER DISCUSSES
ABOUT HOW A GREEN CITY CONCEPT CAN
INTERVENE IN URBAN PLANNING BY CONSIDERING
ONE OF THE PRINCIPAL COMPONENT IN URBAN
PLANNING IS LAND USE. UNDER GREEN CONCEPT
WHERE IT FOCUSES MAJORLY ON THE CONSERVATION
AND MANAGEMENT OF URBAN LAND THROUGH THE
URBAN PLANNING PROCESSES, PRIMARILY IT IS
REQUIRED TO CONSIDER ―LAND AS A RESOURCE‖.
THE LAND USE PLANNING IS CONSIDERED AS THE
MAJOR COMPONENT IN THIS PAPER UNDER THE
PERSPECTIVES OF GREEN CITY PLANNING. IF THE
LAND IS NOT CONSIDERED AS NATURAL RESOURCES
AND IF THE LAND USE ISSUE IS NOT TAKEN CARE
WITH RESPECT TO INCREASING TREND OF
URBANIZATION AND RAPID OR MASSIVE URBAN
EXPANSION THROUGH PROPER URBAN PLANNING
STUDY AREA

 IN THIS PAPER THE CONCEPT OF GREEN CITY

PLANNING HAS BEEN DISCUSSED AND ESPECIALLY
LAND USE PLANNING IN THE URBAN CONTEXT OF THE
STUDY AREA MYSORE CITY. THE MYSORE IS ONE OF
THE FAST GROWING CITY LOCATED IN THE CLOSER
PROXIMITY TO BANGALORE IS A CAPITAL CITY OF
KARNATAKA. SINCE 14TH CENTURY WITH THE
ESTABLISHMENT OF WODEYAR DYNASTY BY
YADURAYA, THE CITY OF MYSORE IS DEVELOPING AS A
CENTRE OF ARTS, CULTURE AND TOURISTS. THE
RULERS OF MYSORE STATE HAVE GIVEN ITS MOST
ATTENTION FOR THE SOCIO-CULTURAL
INFRASTRUCTURE BECAUSE OF PLEASANT CLIMATE
AND ACCESSIBILITY THROUGHOUT THE YEAR
METHODOLOGY

 THIS PAPER FOCUSES ONLY ON THE THEMATIC

DISCUSSION OF OTHER ISSUES CONNECTED TO
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ITS RELEVANCE IN
THE CONCEPT OF GREEN CITY PLANNING IN THE
URBAN PLANNING PROCESS. THE FOLLOWING
DISCUSSION HAS BEEN CARRIED OUT BY REVIVING
DIFFERENT LITERATURES. THE LAND USE PLANNING
FOR THE URBAN CONTEXT OF CITIES UNDER THE
PERSPECTIVES OF GREEN CITY PLANNING HAS BEEN
DISCUSSED IN MANY LITERATURES. A REVIEW OF
THOSE IS SUMMARIZED AS FOLLOWS. TABLE -1 SHOW
THE LAND USE FOR THE PERIOD FROM 1995 TO 2011
AND FIG.1 SHOWS THE LAND USE MAP OF MYSORE
CITY.
MYSORE CITY LAND USE MAPS OF
DIFFERENT PERIODS SUPERIMPOSED
 APPROCHES FOR PLANNING BASED
ON CITY TYPOLOGIES
 THE AIM OF THE EFFECTIVE APPROACHES FOR “REGIONAL
DEVELOPMENT” DEALT WITH IN THIS REPORT IS TO PRODUCE
SCENARIOS AND CONCRETE OVERALL PLANS BASED ON MID- TO
LONG-TERM REGIONAL PROGRESS BY FACING ISSUES IN AN
APPROPRIATE MANNER, AND TO UNRAVEL COMPLEX, INTEGRATED
PROBLEMS. THEREFORE, THE “COMPONENTS” THAT MAKE UP THE
DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE OF “REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT” CAN BE
DIVIDED INTO THREE BROAD THEMES.
 THE FORMULATION OF DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS
 THE FORMULATION OF “OVERALL PLANS” THAT EMBODY THESE
SCENARIOS
APPROCHES FOR PLANNING
BASED ON CITY TYPOLOGIES
HILL CITY,
INNER CITY,
INDUSTRIAL CITY,
HERITAGE/RELIGIOUS/TOURISM CITY,
PORT CITY,
MEDI‐CITY,
SPORTS CITY,
HILL CITY

 THE NATIONAL BUILDING CODE DEFINES HILLY AREAS AS

“ANY AREA ABOVE 600 M IN HEIGHT
FROM MEAN SEA LEVEL, OR ANY AREA WITH AVERAGE SLOPE O
F 30°, CONSIDERING THE SENSITIVE AND FRAGILE ECO‐
SYSTEM OF HILLS AND MOUNTAINS.” HOWEVER, THE STATE GO
VERNMENTS MAY
IDENTIFY AND NOTIFY AREAS TO BE COVERED UNDER ‘HILLY A
REA’, WHICH NEED TO BE DEALT WITH
SPECIAL CONSIDERATION, WHEN DEVELOPMENTAL ACTIVITIES
ARE TAKING UP.
HILLY AREAS HAVE FRAGILE ECOSYSTEMS, WHICH NEED TO BE
CONSERVED. THEREFORE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
STRATEGIES FOR HILLY AREAS SHALL HAVE TO BE
DESIGNED WITH ADDED
SENSITIVITY AND SOUND LAND USE PLANNING AND SETTLEME
NT PLANNING.
INNER CITY

 WALLED CITIES, OLD CITY,

OFTEN CENTRAL ZONES, WHICH ARE ALSO GENERALLY
THE CORE AREA OF THE SETTLEMENTS, ARE REFERRED AS INNER
CITIES. THESE CITY PARTS HAVE BEEN THE MELTING POT FOR
CULTURES WITH A HISTORY. SOME OF THE OLD CITIES HAVE
BEEN HISTORICALLY AN IMPORTANT TRADING CENTRE, OWING
TO ITS REGIONAL PROMINENCE, STRATEGIC LOCATION AND
TRADE LINKS. HOWEVER, OWING TO ITS PROSPERITY, SOME OF THE C
ITIES WERE UNDER THE THREAT
OF PLUNDER AND LOOT, WHICH RESHAPED THE CITY FORM OVER
THE CENTURIES (AS ALSO WALLED
CITIES). THESE CITIES ARE MARKED BY KEY FEATURES, SUCH AS, NAR
ROW ROADS (GULLIES), DENSE BUILT ‐
UP, OFTEN MIXED USE OF LAND, SMALL PLOT SIZES OCCUPYING 100%
GROUND FOR BUILT‐ UP, SOCIAL HOMOGENEITY, LIMITED PUBLIC
SPACES, WHICH ARE USUALLY CONGESTED
DEVELOPMENTS, IN COMPARISON TO THE MODERN DAY CITIES.
INDUSTRIAL CITY

 CITIES WITH MAJOR THRUST IN MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTI

ON ARE INDUSTRIAL CITIES. SUCH A FOCUS ON
MANUFACTURING WAS INITIALLY IN THE BEGINNING FIVE
YEAR PLANS AFTER INDEPENDENCE, WHEN THE FOCUS WAS
ON HEAVY IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURING.
INDUSTRIALISATION AGAIN BOOSTED AFTER LIBERALISATION
IN 1991 AND ENCOURAGED DEVELOPING CLUSTERS
FOR EXPORT IN 2005 BY THE SEZ ACT, 2005, WHICH PROVIDES FOR
THE ESTABLISHMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF
THE SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES FOR THE PROMOTION
OF EXPORTS. THERE WERE ALSO SCHEMES PROPOSED
FOR PROMOTION OF CLUSTER/ PARK DEVELOPMENT BY
RESPECTIVE MINISTRIES, WHILE SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY (SSI)
WAS
DEFINED UNDER MICRO, SMALL & MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (MSMED
) ACT, 2006.
HERITAGE/RELIGIOUS/
TOURISM CITY
PORT CITY

 A COASTAL CITY WHOSE SEAFRONT IS DOMINATED BY PORT AND WHICH

HAS COME INTO EXISTENCE PRIMARILY DUE TO PORT ACTIVITIES IS
REFERRED TO AS A PORT CITY. SUCH CITIES REPRESENT
EXCEPTIONAL DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL DUE TO
THEIR MARITIME IDENTITY. COASTAL FEATURES REMARKABLY
NOTABLE WITHIN THE HIGH‐LOW TIDE LINE MARK ARE MUDFLATS,
SALT PANS, ESTUARIES, CREEKS, MANGROVES, CORAL REEFS,
GEOMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES WITH PATCHES
UNDER SAND AND BEACHES; SCRUBS, PLANTATIONS,
FORESTS AND SOMETIMES HORTICULTURE. ON
THE OTHER HAND, EASY ACCESS TO LARGE WATER BODY OF
THE PORT LEADS TO DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE,
FISHING ACTIVITIES, SALT MANUFACTURING, PRESENCE OF
INDUSTRIES AND EVEN POWER PLANTS, WHICH PROVIDE AN
ADVANTAGE TO THE CITY DEVELOPMENT BY MEANS OF BEARING
THE BENEFITS OF ITS LOCATION. BESIDES THE COASTAL
ADVANTAGES, THESE
SITES ARE CONNECTED TO THE HINTERLAND BY RAIL AND ROADS.
MEDI‐CITY

 THE CONCEPT OF MODERN MEDICAL CITIES OR SPECIAL HEALTH CARE F

ACILITIES AS BEEN IN PLACE FOR SOME TIME, BUT HAS GAINED
RENEWED INTEREST, PARTICULARLY IN RAPIDLY DEVELOPING
ECONOMIES. THE CONCEPT OF A MEDI‐
CITY OR HEALTH CITY DEFINES A CLUSTER OF HOSPITALS, A
HOLISTIC HEALTHCARE CENTRE; A LARGE HOSPITAL SPRAWLED ACROS
S ACRES OF LAND. MEDI‐CITY CAN BE A NEW TOWNSHIP OR A ZONE
OF A CITY, WHERE MEDICAL FACILITIES ARE PROVIDED
RELEASING PRESSURE FROM THE MAIN CITY OR TO PROMOTE MEDICAL
TOURISM ATTRACTING NEW SOURCES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH. MEDI‐
CITIES HAVE BEEN DESIGNED TO BE COMPREHENSIVE IN SCOPE
AND INCORPORATE
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES AND MEDICAL PRACTICES. THE SCALE AND
SCOPE OF MEDICAL CITIES USUALLY DEMANDS AN ADVANCED LEVEL
OF CARE, BOTH IN TECHNOLOGY AND APPROACHES TO
CREATE AN ATTRACTIVE DESTINATION FOR CARE TO ENSURE THE HIGH
LEVEL OF PATIENT VOLUMES
REQUIRED TO SUPPORT SUCH A LARGE SETUP
SPORTS CITY

 SPORTS CITY DEFINES A LARGE DEVELOPED AREA WITH ALL

KIND OF SPORTS INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITY TO SUPPORT
ORGANISING AND HOSTING DIFFERENT SPORTS ACTIVITIES IN A
CITY.
BASICALLY IT IS A CONCEPT OF “CITY WITHIN CITY” WHICH PROVID
ES A REGULAR SERIES OF SPORTS
VENUES, SPORTS ACADEMIES, PROVIDING A PLATFORM FOR YOUTH
DEVELOPMENT, RECREATIONAL SPORTS FACILITIES, RESIDENTIAL
AND COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS, TOGETHER WITH ALL THE
RELATED AMENITIES. THE PURPOSE‐BUILT CITY IS SUPPORTED
BY SERVICE FACILITIES LIKE SCHOOLS, MEDICAL FACILITIES
FOR SPORTSMEN AND RESIDENTS, HOTELS, COMMUNITY
CENTRES
AND ENTERTAINMENT VENUE. AND EVENTUALLY ALL THE EVENTS
OF SPORTS CITY TRANSLATE THEIR
ACTIVITY INTO ECONOMIC GENERATION FOR AN ECONOMICALLY S
USTAINABLE SPORT CITY.
 THE CONSTRUCTION AND STRENGTHENING OF SYSTEMS TO
IMPLEMENT THESE OVERALL PLANS FURTHER, “OVERALL PLANS”
CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THE FOLLOWING THREE CATEGORIES BASED
ON THE STAGE, DEPTH, AND NEEDS OF DEVELOPMENT.
 “ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT,” FOCUSING ON THE REGIONAL
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND VITALIZATION WITH THE OBJECTIVE
OF FURTHER PROMOTING AND SPREADING DEVELOPMENT
 “SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT,” FOCUSING ON THE IMPROVEMENTS IN
BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE WITH THE OBJECTIVE OF STRENGTHENING
THE FOUNDATION TOWARDS REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
 “ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND DISASTER PREVENTION,”
FOCUSING ON THE PRESERVATION OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT,
WITH THE OBJECTIVE OF MINIMIZING THE ENVIRONMENTAL
BURDEN ARISING FROM DEVELOPMENT
BASED ON THE ABOVE, THE FOLLOWING
“COMPONENTS,” NUMBERED ① TO ⑤, ARE
DESIGNATED AS “MID-TERM OBJECTIVES.”

1. PLANNING OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES (THE

FORMULATION OF DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS - REGIONAL
DEVELOPMENT POLICIES).
2. PROMOTION OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
(OVERALL PLANS - ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT).
3. IMPROVEMENT OF BASIC HUMAN NEEDS (OVERALL PLANS
- SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT).
4. REGIONAL PROMOTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AND DISASTERPREVENTION MEASURES (OVERALL PLANS
- ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND DISASTER
PREVENTION).
5. CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT REGARDING REGIONAL
DEVELOPMENT 10 (THE ESTABLISHMENT AND
STRENGTHENING OF IMPLEMENTATION CAPACITY).
INTEGRATED TOWNSHIP