Telecommunication and Networks

Mr Bwalya
Telecommunications
 Telecommunications
◦ The electronic transmission of signals for
communications, including such means as:
 Telephone
 Radio
 Television

Telecommunication medium
Anything that carries an electronic signal and
interfaces between a sending device and a receiving
device.
Data Communications
 Data communications
◦ A specialized subset of telecommunications that
refers to the electronic collection, processing, and
distribution of data -- typically between computer
system hardware devices.
Network
 Computer Network
◦ The communications media, devices, and software needed
to connect two or more computer systems and/or devices.
 Number of possible connections on a network is N *
(N-1)/2
◦ Where N = number of nodes (points of connections on the
network)
◦ Example, if there are 10 computers on a network, there are
10 * 9/2 = 45 possible connections

 Used to share hardware, programs, and databases across

the organization.
 Fosters teamwork, innovative ideas, and new business
strategies.
Telecommunications Network Model
 A telecommunications network is any
arrangement where
◦ A sender transmits a message
◦ To a receiver
◦ Over a channel
◦ Consisting of some sort of medium
Telecommunications Network
Components
 Terminals
◦ Any input/output device that uses networks
to transmit or receive data
 Telecommunications processors
◦ Devices that support data transmission, reception
 Telecommunications channels
◦ Media over which data are transmitted, received
 Computers
◦ All sizes and types
Telecommunications Network Components

 Telecommunications control software

◦ Controls telecommunications activities
◦ Manages the functions of telecommunications
networks
 Includes network management programs of
all kinds
◦ Telecommunications monitors (mainframes)
◦ Network operating systems (network servers)
◦ Web browsers (microcomputers)
Telecommunications-Based Services
Types of Telecommunication Media
 Twisted Pair Wire Cable
◦ Insulated pairs of wires historically used
in telephone service and to connect
computer devices.
 Coaxial Cable
◦ Consists of an inner conductor wire
surrounded by insulation, called the
dielectric. The dielectric is surrounded by
a conductive shield, which is surrounded
by a non-conductive jacket. Coaxial cable
has better data transmission rate than
twisted pair.
Types of Telecommunication Media
 Fiber-optic Cable
◦ Many extremely
thin strands of
glass or plastic
bound together in
a sheathing which
transmits signals
with light beams.
Can be used for
voice, data, and
video.
Types of Telecommunication Media
Microwave
Communications
Line-of-sight
devices which
must be placed in
relatively high
locations.

Microwave Usage
Information is
converted to a
microwave signal,
sent through the
air to a receiver,
and recovered.
Types of Telecommunication Media

Satellite
Transmission
Communications
satellites are relay
stations that
receive signals
from one earth
station and
rebroadcast them
to another.
Types of Telecommunication Media

Cellular Transmission
Signals from cells are transmitted to a receiver and integrated
into the regular network.
Types of Telecommunication Media
 Infrared Transmission
◦ Involves sending signals through the air via light
waves.
 Requires line-of-sight and short distances (a few
hundred yards)
 Used to connect various computing devices such as
handheld computers
Types of Communications Networks

 Primary types of communications networks

 Wide area network (WAN)
 Local area network (LAN),
 Metropolitan area network (MAN)
 Wireless LANs and WANs
 VPN
Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Telecommunication network that covers a
large geographic area
 This allows computers and low-voltage

devices to be remotely connected to each

other over one large network to communicate
even when they’re miles apart.
 A WAN is essentially a network of networks,

with the Internet the world's largest WAN.

Local Area Network (LAN)
 Connects
computers
within a
limited
physical area,
such as an
office,
classroom, or
building
Metropolitan Area Network
 Metropolitan Area Network is a type
of network which serves a large
geographical area between 5 to 50 kilometers
in range.
 This geographical area can include several

buildings, such as a college campus,

sometimes referred to as a campus network,
or an area as large as a city (metropolitan
area)
Virtual Private Networks (VPN)

 VPN is a private network that uses a public network

(usually the Internet) to connect remote sites or users
together
 Used to establish secure intranets and extranets

◦ The Internet is the main backbone network

◦ Relies on network firewalls, encryption, and
other security features to build a “pipe” through the
Internet
◦ Creates a private network without the high
cost of a separate proprietary connection
Intranet
 A network inside an organization
◦ That uses Internet technologies (such as Web
browsers and servers, TCP/IP protocols, HTML, etc.)
◦ To provide an Internet-like environment within the
organization
◦ For information sharing, communications,
collaboration and support of business processes
◦ Protected by security measures
◦ Can be accessed by authorized users through the Internet
Extranet
 Network links that use Internet technologies
◦ To connect the Intranet of a business
◦ With the Intranets of its customers, suppliers or
other business partners
The Role of Intranets
 Many companies have sophisticated and
widespread intranets, offering…
◦ Detailed data retrieval
◦ Collaboration
◦ Personalized customer profiles
◦ Links to the Internet
 Intranets use Internet technologies
◦ Web browsers and servers
◦ TCP/IP network protocols
◦ HTML publishing and databases
Intranets
 Intranets are protected by…
◦ Passwords
◦ Encryption
◦ Firewalls
 Customers, suppliers, and other business
partners can access an intranet via extranet
links
Business Value of Intranets
 Intranets support
◦ Communications and collaboration
◦ Business operations and management
◦ Web publishing
◦ Intranet portal management
Business Value of Extranets
 Web browser technology makes customer and
supplier access to intranets easier and faster
 Another way to build and strengthen strategic

relationships
 Enables and improves collaboration between a

business, customers, and partners

 Facilitates online, interactive product

development and marketing

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Peer-to-peer networks Model
 Networks that connect from one PC to another PC

Peer-to-peer networking enables or enhances the

following scenarios:
 Real-time communications (RTC)
 Collaboration
 Content distribution
 Distributed processing
 Improved Internet technologies
Internetwork Processors
 Switch – makes connections between
telecommunications circuits in a network
 Router – intelligent communications

processor that interconnects networks based

on different protocols
 Hub – a port switching communications

processor
 Gateway – connects networks using different

communications architectures
Network Topology
◦ A model that describes how computers are
connected
◦ A logical model that describes how networks are
structured or configured

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Network Topology
 Structured
◦ Ring
◦ Bus
◦ Star
◦ Hierarchical
◦ Hybrid

 Unstructured
◦ Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET)
Network Topologies

Ring
Bus

Hierarchical
Star

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Network Topologies
 For local area networks, not for the Internet
 Ring
◦ A topology that contains computers and computer
devices placed in a ring.
 Bus
◦ Computers and computer devices are on a single
line. Each device can communicate directly to all
devices on the bus.
 Star
◦ All computers are connected via a central hub.
Network Topologies
 Hierarchical
◦ Uses treelike structures with messages passed
along the branches of the hierarchy
 Hybrid
◦ A mix of different kinds of structured topologies. It
is what exactly the Internet looks like.
 Mobile Adhoc Network
◦ It is unstructured network topology
◦ Structure is changing dynamically. EG. Network of
mobile phone.
Network Topologies
 Mobile Adhoc
Network
◦ Network does not have
specify topology
◦ Each computer in the
network is moving
around without
locating in a fixed
location
◦ Sending and receiving
messages are difficulty
problems
Topology Summary
Topology Summary
Topology Summary
Topology Summary
Protocols
 Protocol
◦ Rules that ensure communications among
computers of different types and from different
manufacturers.
◦ Rules that determine the form of signal being
transmitted, encoded, error detection and
correction, etc.

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Protocols

 OSI 7-Layers Model

◦ Serves as a standard model for network
architectures and is endorsed by the International
Standards Committee. Communication functions
are represented in seven layers to promote the
development of modular networks. Designed to
permit communication among different computers
from different operating systems.

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Protocols
 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP)
◦ Standard originally developed by the U.S. government
to link defense research agencies; it is the primary
communication protocol of the Internet.
 Systems Network Architecture (SNA)
◦ IBM communication protocol for LAN.
 Ethernet
◦ Protocol standard developed for LANs using a bus
topology.
◦ X.400 and X.500
◦ An international standard for message handling and
network directories.

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Protocol (OSI 7 Layers Model)
End host End host

Application Application

Presentation Presentation

Session Session

Transport Transport

Network Network
Network Network

Data link Data link Data link Data link

Physical Physical Physical Physical

One or more nodes

within the network
Protocol (TCP/IP)

Application
TCP UDP
IP
Network
Telecommunication Applications
 Linking Personal Computers to Mainframe Computers
◦ Download and upload information.
 Voice Mail
◦ Enables users to leave, receive, and store verbal
messages for and from other users.
 Electronic Mail (e-mail)
◦ Enables a sender to connect a computer to a network,
type messages, and send it to another person on the
network.

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Applications
 Electronic Software Distribution
◦ Involves installing software on a file server for users
to share by signing onto the network and
requesting that the software be downloaded onto
their computers over a network.
 Electronic Document Distribution
◦ Transporting documents -- such as sales reports,
policy manuals, and advertising brochures -- over
communications lines and networks.

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Telecommunications Applications Videoconferencing

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Telecommunications Applications
 Public Network Services
◦ Services that give personal computer users access to
vast databases and other services, usually for an
initial fee plus usage fees.
 Specialized and Regional Information Services
◦ Specialized electronic bulletin boards and e-mail
services targeting particular interests.
 Distance Learning
◦ Use of telecommunications to extend the classroom.

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 The Internet
Internet Networks
Linked networks that
work much the same
way -- they pass data
around in packets, each
of which carries the
addresses of its sender
and receiver.

The Internet
The Internet
transmits data from
one computer
(called a host) to
another.
Internet Service Providers
 ISP
◦ A company that specializes in providing easy access
to the Internet
◦ For a monthly fee, provides software, user name,
password, and Internet access
 ISPs themselves are connected to one another
through network access points
◦ One ISP can easily connect to another to obtain
addresses of websites or user nodes
Internet Applications
 Most popular Internet applications and uses
◦ E-mail
◦ Instant messaging
◦ Browsing the Web
◦ Newsgroups
◦ Chat rooms
◦ Publish opinions, subject matter, creative work
◦ Buy and sell
◦ Downloading (data, software, reports, pictures,
music, videos)
Effectiveness of data
communication systems
 Performance
◦ if the systems can deliver data in a timely manner
based on the types of data
 Reliability
◦ if the systems can provide non-stop services,
measured by the frequency of failure or recovery time
of a network after failure
 Security
◦ if the systems can protect the transmitted data from
illegal access and/or modification