ELECTRICAL MACHINES

I
ELE4302
COURSE CONTENTS
• ELE 4302: Electrical Machines II
• Polyphase Induction Machine: Determination of circuit model parameters. Phasor
diagram.Circuit diagram.Motor performance in the steady-state.Power factor
adjustment.Brief discussion of the effect of harmonics (cogging, crawling, noise and
additional loss).Unbalanced operation.Induction generators.
• Single-phase Induction Motors: Circuit model of single phase induction motors. Performance
calculation and characteristics: Split phase motor, capacitor start motor, permanent capacitor
motor, shaded-pole motor, universal motor, repulsion motor and linear motor.
• Synchronous Machines: Operation of salient pole machine. Synchronous machine on infinite
busbar (cylindrical and salient poles types). Paralleling of polyphase synchronous machines
(synchronization). Parallel operation of generators. Open-circuit and short-circuit
characteristics. Measurement of synchronous reactance. Short-circuit ratio. Calculating
excitation requirements for given operating point conditions.Potier triangle method of
measuring leakage reactance.The capability curve.Voltage regulation of generators.
• AC Machine Control: Starting and breaking. Speed control. Faults and protection.
AC MACHINES

AC MACHINES
(MOTOR / GENERATOR)

SYNCHRONOUS INDUCTION SPECIAL TYPES

UNIVERSAL MOTOR REPULSION

HYSTERISIS POLYPHASE SINGLE PHASE SINGLE PHASE 3 PHASE
(RELUCTANCE)

Name Name
Title Title
BRUSHLESS SPLIT PHASE SHADED POLE SQUIRREL CAGE WOUN ROTOR

CAPACITOR START

PARMANENT SPLIT NB : NOT EXHAUSTIVE

CAPACITOR

RESISTANCE
• The objective of this chapter is to introduce and discuss some of the principles underlying the performance of
electric machinery, both ac and dc machines.
• Elementary Concepts
• Voltages can be induced by time-varying magnetic fields. In rotating machines, voltages are generated in
windings or groups of coils by rotating these windings mechanically through a magnetic field, by mechanically
rotating a magnetic field past the winding, or by designing the magnetic circuit so that the reluctance varies with
rotation of the rotor.
• The flux linking a specific coil is changed cyclically, and a time-varying voltage is generated.
• Electromagnetic energy conversion occurs when changes in the flux linkage result from mechanical motion.
• A set of such coils connected together is typically referred to as an armature winding, a winding or a set of
windings carrying ac currents.
• In ac machines such as synchronous or induction machines, the armature winding is typically on the stator. (the stator
winding)
• In dc machines, the armature winding is found on the rotor. (the rotor winding)
• Synchronous and dc machines typically include a second winding (or set of windings), referred to as the field
winding, which carries dc current and which are used to produce the main operating flux in the machine.
• In dc machines, the field winding is found on the stator.
• In synchronous machines, the field winding is found on the rotor.
• Permanent magnets can be used in the place of field windings.
• In most rotating machines, the stator and rotor are made of electrical steel, and the windings are installed in
slots on these structures.The stator and rotor structures are typically built from thin laminations of electrical
steel, insulated from each other, to reduce eddy-current losses.
• Introduction to AC Machines
• Traditional ac machines fall into one of two categories: synchronous and
induction.
• In synchronous machines, rotor-winding currents are supplied directly from
the stationary frame through a rotating contact.
• In induction machines, rotor currents are induced in the rotor windings by a
combination of the time-variation of the stator currents and the motion of
the rotor relative to the stator.
• Synchronous Machines

Figure 1
• Synchronous Machines
• The armature winding is on the stator, and the field winding is on the rotor.
• The field winding is excited by direct current conducted to it by means of
stationary carbon brushes that contact rotating slip rings or collector rings.
• It is advantages to have the single, low-power field winding on the rotor while
having the high-power, typically multiple-phase, armature winding on the
stator.
• Armature winding (a, -a) consists of a single coil of N turns.
• Conductors forming these coil sides are connected in series by end
connections.
• The rotor is turned at a constant speed by a source of mechanical power
connected to its shaft. Flux paths are shown schematically by dashed lines.
• Assume a sinusoidal distribution of magnetic flux in the air gap of the machine in
Figure 1.
• The radial distribution of air-gap flux density B is shown in Fig 2a as a function of
the spatial angle θ around the rotor periphery.
• As the rotor rotates, the flux –linkages of the armature winding change with time
and the resulting coil voltage will be sinusoidal in time as shown in Fig 2(b). The
frequency in cycles per second (Hz) is the same as the speed of the rotor in
revolutions in second (rps).
• A two-pole synchronous machine must revolve at 3000 rpm to produce a 50Hz
voltage.
• Note the terms “rpm” and “rps”.
• A great many synchronous machines have more than two poles. Fig
4.3 shows in schematic form a four-pole single-phase generator.
• The field coils are connected so that the poles are of alternate
polarity.
• The armature winding consists of two coils (a1,−a1) and (a2,−a2)
connected in series by their end connections.
• There are two complete wavelengths, or cycles, in the flux distribution
around the periphery, as shown in Fig. 4.4.
• The generated voltage goes through two complete cycles per
revolution of the rotor.
• The frequency in Hz is thus twice the speed in rps.
• When a machine has more than two poles, it is convenient to concentrate on a single
pair of poles and to express angles in electrical degrees or electrical radians rather
than in physical units.
• One pair of poles equals 360 electrical degrees or 2π electrical radians.
• Since there are poles/2 wavelengths, or cycles, in one revolution, it follows that
• (4.1)
• Where θae is the angle in electrical units and θa is the spatial angle.
• The coil voltage of a multipole machine passes through a complete cycle every time a
pair of poles sweeps by, or (poles/2) times each revolution. The electrical frequency
fe of the voltage generated is therefore
• Hz (4.2)
• where n is the mechanical speed in rpm. that ωe =(poles/2)ωm

• The rotors shown in Figs.4.1 and 4.3 have salient, or projecting, poles with concentrated
windings. Fig.4.5 shows diagrammatically a nonsalient-pole, or cylindrical, rotor.
• The field winding is a two-pole distributed winding; the coil sides are distributed in multiple
slots around the rotor periphery and arranged to produce an approximately sinusoidal
distribution of radial air-gap flux.
• Most power systems in the world operate at frequencies of either 50 or 60 Hz.
• A salient-pole construction is characteristic of hydroelectric generators because hydraulic
turbines operate at relatively low speeds, and hence a relatively large number of poles is
required to produce the desired frequency.
• Steam turbines and gas turbines operate best at relatively high speeds, and turbine- driven
alternators or turbine generators are commonly two- or four-pole cylindrical- rotor
machinesThe field winding is a two-pole distributed winding; the coil sides are distributed
in multiple slots around the rotor periphery and arranged to produce an approximately
sinusoidal distribution of radial air-gap flux.
• Most power systems in the world operate at frequencies of either 50 or 60 Hz.
• A salient-pole construction is characteristic of hydroelectric generators because hydraulic
turbines operate at relatively low speeds, and hence a relatively large number of poles is
required to produce the desired frequency.
• Steam turbines and gas turbines operate best at relatively high speeds, and turbine- driven
alternators or turbine generators are commonly two- or four-pole cylindrical- rotor
machines
Figure 4.5 Elementary two-pole cylindrical-rotor field winding.
• Most of the world’s power systems are three-phase systems. With very few exceptions,
synchronous generators are three-phase machines.
• A simplified schematic view of a three-phase, two-pole machine with one coil per phase is shown
in Fig. 4.6 (a)
• Fig. 4.6(b) depicts a simplified three-phase, four-pole machine. Note that a minimum of two sets
of coils must be used. In an elementary multipole machine, the minimum number of coils sets is
given by one half the number of poles.
• Note that coils (a,a) and (a',−a') can be connected in series or in parallel. Then the coils of the
three phases may then be either Y- or Δ -connected. See Fig. 4.6(c).
• The electromechanical torque is the mechanism through which a synchronous generator
converts mechanical to electric energy.
• When a synchronous generator supplies electric power to a load, the armature current creates a
magnetic flux wave in the air gap that rotates at synchronous speed.
• This flux reacts with the flux created by the field current, and an electromechanical torque results
from the tendency of these two magnetic fields to align.
• In a generator this torque opposes rotation, and mechanical torque must be applied from the prime
mover to sustain rotation.
• The counterpart of the synchronous generator is the synchronous motor.
• Ac current supplied to the armature winding on the stator, and dc excitation is supplied to the field
winding on the rotor. The magnetic field produced by the armature currents rotates at synchronous
speed.
• To produce a steady electromechanical torque, the magnetic fields of the stator and rotor must be
constant in amplitude and stationary with respect to each other.
• In a motor the electromechanical torque is in the direction of rotation and balances the opposing
torque required to drive the mechanical load.
• In both generators and motors, an electromechanical torque and a rotational voltage are produced
which are the essential phenomena for electromechanical energy conversion.
• Note that the flux produced by currents in the armature of a synchronous motor rotates ahead of
that produced by the field, thus pulling on the field (and hence on the rotor) and doing work. This is
the opposite of the situation in a synchronous generator, where the field does work as its flux pulls
on that of the armature, which is lagging behind.
• Induction Machines
• Alternating currents are applied directly to the stator windings. Rotors currents are then produced by
induction, i.e., transformer action.
• Alternating currents flow in the rotor windings of an induction machine, in contrast to a synchronous machine in which a
field winding on the rotor is excited with dc current.
• The induction machine may be regarded as a generalized transformer in which electric power is transformed between
rotor and stator together with a change of frequency and a flow of mechanical power.
• The induction motor is the most common of all motors.
• The induction machine is seldom used as a generator.
• In recent years it has been found to be well suited for wind-power applications.
• It may also be used as a frequency changer.
• In the induction motor, the stator windings are essentially the same as those of a synchronous machine. The
rotor windings are electrically short-circuited.
• The rotor windings frequently have no external connections.
• Currents are induced by transformer action from the stator winding.
• Squirrel-cage induction motor: relatively expensive and highly reliable.
• The armature flux in the induction motor leads that of the rotor and produces an electromechanical torque.
• The rotor does not rotate synchronously.
• It is the slipping of the rotor with respect to the synchronous armature flux that gives rise to the induced rotor currents
and hence the torque.
• Induction motors operate at speeds less than the synchronous mechanical speed.
• A typical speed-torque characteristic for an induction motor is shown in Fig.4.7.
Figure 4.7 Typical induction-motor speed-torque characteristic.
ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
• The principle of operation of ac machine (2& 3 phases) is based on
the generation of a rotating magnetic field
• It will now be shown that when stationary coils, wound for two or
three phases, are supplied by two or three-phase supply respectively,
a uniformly-rotating (or revolving) magnetic flux of constant value is
produced
• SEE THE DOCUMENT ATTACHED
Induction Motor
• What are the similarities and dissimilarities of a 3-
• After the completion of this unit, students/readers will
phase induction motor and a transformer?
be able to understand:
• How power flows in an induction motor?
• What are the various parts of 3-phase induction
motor? • What are the factors on which torque produced
depends in an induction motor?
• What is basically a squirrel cage and phase
• Under what condition, torque developed in an
wound induction motor?
induction motor is maximum.
• How a rotating field is developed in the stator • How the performance of an induction motor is
core of a 3-phase induction motor? affected by the addition of resistance in its rotor
• What is the basic principle of operation of this • circuit?
motor and why it is named as induction motor? • How to perform various tests on an induction
• Why it is also called as asynchronous motor? motor to determine its parameters and
• How the direction of rotation of a 3-phase performance?
induction motor is reversed? • How to determine performance of a 3-phase
• What are the parameters of the rotor of an induction motor using circle diagram?
induction motor? • What are various harmonics which affect the
• How to draw an equivalent circuit of rotor performance of an induction motor?
circuit? • What are cogging and crawling phenomena and
• What are stator parameters and how to draw how these can be eliminated (or minimised) in
exact equivalent circuit of a 3-phase induction • case of induction motors?
motor? • What are deep-bar and double-cage induction
• How to draw its phasor diagram? motors?
Induction motor introduction
• Induction machines are also called asynchronous machines i.e., the
machines which never run at a synchronous speed.
• Induction motors may be single-phase or three-phase.
• The single phase induction motors are usually built in small sizes (up to 3 H.P).
• Three phase induction motors are the most commonly used AC
motors in the industry because they have simple and rugged
construction, low cost, high efficiency, reasonably good power factor,
self-starting and low maintenance cost.
• Almost more than 90% of the mechanical power used in industry is
provided by three phase induction motors.
Constructional Features of a Three-phase Induction Motor
• A 3-phase induction motor consists of two
main parts
• stator and rotor.
• 1. Stator: It is the stationary part of the
motor. It has three main parts:
• (i) Outer frame
• It is the outer body of the motor to support
the stator core and to protect the inner parts • (iii) Stator winding.
of the machine • The stator core carries a three phase winding
• (ii) Stator core which is usually supplied from a three phase
supply system.
• When AC supply is given to the induction
• The stator of the motor is wound for definite
motor, an alternating flux is set -up in the number of poles, the exact number being
stator core. determined by the requirement of speed.
• This alternating field produces hysteresis and • The three- phase winding may be connected
eddy current loss. To minimize these losses, in star or delta externally through a starter.
the core is made of high grade silicon steel
stampings.
Constructional Features of a Three-phase Induction Motor
• 2. Rotor: The rotating part of the motor
is called rotor. Two types of rotors are
used for 3-phase induction motors. (i)
Squirrel cage rotor (ii) Phase wound
rotor.
• Squirrel cage induction motors.
• Because of simple and rugged construction, the
most of the induction motors employed in the • Figure clearly shows that the slots are not parallel
industry are of this type. to the shaft but these are skewed.
• A squirrel cage rotor consists of a laminated • The skewing provides the following advantages:
cylindrical core having semi-closed circular slots at
• (a) Humming is reduced, that ensures quiet
the outer periphery.
running.
• Copper or aluminium bar conductors are placed in
• (b) At different positions of the rotor, smooth and
these slots and short circuited at each end by
sufficient torque is obtained.
copper or aluminium rings, called short circuiting
rings, as shown . • (c) It reduces the magnetic locking of the stator
and rotor,
• Thus, in these rotors, the rotor winding is
• (d) It increases the rotor resistance due to the
permanently short-circuited and no external
resistance can be added in the rotor circuit. increased length of the rotor bar conductors.
• .
Constructional Features of a Three-phase Induction Motor
• Phase wound rotor: a.k.a slip ring
rotor and the motors in which these
rotors are employed are known as
phase wound or slipring induction
motors.
• This rotor is also cylindrical in shape which
consists of large number of stampings.
• A number of semi-closed slots are
punched at its outer periphery. • The rotor core is keyed to the shaft. Similarly,
slip-rings are also keyed to the shaft but these
• A 3-phase insulated winding is placed in are insulated from the shaft.
these slots.
• In this case, depending upon the requirement
• The rotor is wound for the same number any external resistance can be added in the rotor
of poles as that of stator. circuit. In this case also the rotor is skewed.
• The rotor winding is connected in star and • A mild steel shaft is passed through the centre of
its remaining three terminals are the rotor and is fixed to it with key. The
connected to the slip rings. purpose of shaft is to transfer mechanical
power.
Production of revolving field Let at any instant t1, current in coil side a1 be
inward and in b1 and c1 outward. Whereas,
• Already treated, Simpler approach the current in the other sides of the same
coils is opposite i.e., in coil side a2 is outward
and b2 and c2 is inward.
The resultant field and its direction (Fm) is
marked.

At instant t2 when 􀁔 is 60°, current in coil sides

a1 and b1is inward and in c1 is outward.
Whereas, the current in the opposite sides is
opposite. The resultant field and its direction is
shown in Fig. which is rotated through an
angle 􀁔 = 60° from its previous position.

At instant t3 when 􀁔 is 120°, current in coilside

b1 is inward and in c1 and a1 is outward. The
resultant field and its direction is shown in Fig.
Which is rotated through an angle 􀁔 = 120°
electrical from its first position.
Production of revolving field

• Thus, in one cycle, the resultant field completes one revolution.

• Hence, we conclude that when 3-phase supply is given
to a 3-phase wound stator, a resultant field is produced
which revolves at a constant speed, called synchronous
speed (Ns = 120°f /P).

How to reverse direction?

Principle of operation – Torque interaction
• When 3-phase supply is given to the stator
winding of a 3-phase wound induction motor, a
revolving field is set up in the stator core.
• The resultant magnetic field set-up by the
stator core, at any instant,
is shown.
• The direction of the resultant field is marked by
an arrow head Fm.
• As per the supply sequence, let this field is
rotating in an anti-clockwise direction at
synchronous speed ωs radian per second.
• The revolving field is cut by the stationary rotor
conductors and an emf is induced in the rotor
conductors.
• Since the rotor conductors are short circuited,
current flows through them in the direction as
marked in Fig.
Principle of operation – Torque interaction
• A resultant field Fr is set-up by the rotor current
carrying conductors.
• This field tries to come in line with the stator
revolving field Fm, due to which an
electromagnetic torque Te develops and rotor
starts rotating in same direction as that of stator
revolving field.
• The revolving field is cut by the stationary rotor
conductors and an emf is induced in the rotor
conductors.
• Since the rotor conductors are short circuited,
current flows through them in the direction as
marked in Fig.. A resultant field Fr is set-up by the
rotor current carrying conductors.
• This field tries to come in line with the stator
revolving field Fm, due to which an
electromagnetic torque Te develops and rotor
starts rotating in same direction as that of stator
revolving field.
Principle of operation – Alignment
• Reproducing section X of previous Figure,
• When the revolving stator field (see left figure)
cuts the stationary rotor conductors, an emf is
induced in the conductors by induction.
• As rotor conductors are short circuited, current
flows through them, as marked in the middle
figure, which sets up field around them.
• .
• A resultant field is set up, as shown in far right
figure which exerts force on the rotor • No emf means no current, no rotor field Fr
conductors. Thus, the rotor starts rotating in the and hence no torque is produced.
same direction in which stator field is revolving. • Thus, an induction motor can never run at
• The rotor picks up speed and tries to attain the synchronous speed.
synchronous speed but fails to do so. It is • It always runs at a speed less than synchronous
because if the rotor attains the synchronous speed.
speed then the relative speed between • Since, the principle of operation of this motor
revolving stator field and rotor will be zero, no depends upon electromagnetic induction,
emf will be induced in rotor conductors. hence the name induction motor.
Slip of an induction motor
• In an induction motor, the speed of rotor is • The difference between
always less than synchronous speed.
synchronous speed and rotor
• The difference between the speed of revolving
field (Ns) and the rotor speed (N) is called speed is called slip speed i.e.,
slip.
• Slip speed = r
• The slip is usually expressed as a percentage
of synchronous speed (Ns) and is represented • The value of slip at full load
by symbol S.
varies from about 6% small
• Mathematically, motors to about 2% for large
motors
Importance of Slip
• Slip plays an important role in the operation of an induction motor.
• We have already seen that the difference between the rotor speed
and synchronous speed of flux determine the rate at which the
• flux is cut by rotor conductors and hence the magnitude of induced
emf i.e.,

Hence, Tα S
Importance of Slip
• Thus, greater the slip greater will be the induced emf or rotor current
and hence larger will be the torque developed.
• At no-load, induction motor requires small torque to meet with the
losses only such as mechanical, iron and other losses.
• Therefore rotor speed at no-load is very high and the slip is very small.
• When the motor is loaded, greater torque is required to drive the
load, therefore, the slip increases and rotor speed decreases slightly.
• Thus, it is seen that ship in an induction motor adjusts itself to such a
value so as to meet the required driving torque under normal
operation.
Frequency of Rotor Currents
• The frequency of rotor currents depends upon the relative speed between rotor and stator field.
• When the rotor is stationary, the relative speed between stator revolving field and stationary rotor
conductors is (Ns– 0 = Ns) the frequency of rotor currents is the same as that of the supply frequency.
• But once the rotor starts rotating, the frequency of rotor currents decreases depends upon relative speed or
slip speed (Ns – N).
• Let at any speed N, the frequency of rotor currents be fr. ThenFrequency of Rotor Currents
• The frequency of rotor currents depends upon the relative speed between rotor and stator field.
• When the rotor is stationary, the relative speed between stator revolving field and stationary rotor
conductors is (Ns– 0 = Ns) the frequency of rotor currents is the same as that of the supply frequency.
• But once the rotor starts rotating, the frequency of rotor currents decreases depends upon relative speed or
slip speed (Ns – N).
• Let at any speed N, the frequency of rotor currents be fr. Then
• Example 1
• A 3-phase, 4 pole induction motor is connected to 400 V, 50 Hz supply.
Determine: (i) Synchronous speed. (ii) Actual speed of the motor when
running at 4% slip (iii) Frequency of emf induced in rotor.

•
• Example 2
• A 3-phase, 10 HP squirrel cage induction motor is wound for 6 poles.
When the motor is connected to 230 V, 50 Hz supply, at full-load, it
operates at 4% slip. Determine (i) full loud speed. (ii) full load torque
in Newton-metre. (iii) frequency of rotor current under this condition
and (iv) speed of rotation of the stator mmf
•
• Example 3
• Power to an induction motor is supplied by a 12 pole, 3-phase, 500
rpm alternator. The full load speed of the motor is 1440 rpm Find the
percentage slip and number of poles in the motor.
•
• Example 4
• A 500 HP, 3-Phase, 440 V, 50 Hz induction motor has a speed of 950
rpm at full load. The machine has 6 poles. Calculate the slip. How
many complete alternations will the rotor emf make per minute.
•
Speed of Rotor Field or mmf
• When three-phase currents are supplied to the stator winding of a poly phase induction
motor, a resultant field is set up which rotates at a constant speed called synchronous
speed (Ns = 120f/P).
• This rotating field induces poly phase emfs. in the rotor winding and if rotor winding is
closed, poly phase currents circulate in it.
• These currents set up a revolving field in the rotor which rotates at a speed Nr = 120 fr /P
with respect to rotor.
• Now Nr = 120 . Sf/P = SNS
• When rotor itself is rotating at a speed N rpm in the space.
• Speed of rotor field in space = N + Nr =(1 – S) Ns + SNs = Ns – SNs + SNs = Ns
• Thus, rotor magnetic field also rotates, in space, at the same speed and in the same
direction as that of stator field.
• Hence, the two fields are magnetically locked with each other and are stationary
• with respect to each other.
Rotor emf
• The revolving magnetic field set up in the stator by poly phase currents is common to both
stator and rotor winding. This field induces emfs. in both the windings.
• The stator induced emf per phase is given by the relation;
• (i)
• The rotor induced emf/phase, (ii)
• Where fr is the rotor current frequency, and under stationary condition i.e., at the start fr = f1
• Therefore, rotor induced emf/phase at stand still or start,
• (iii)
• Dividing eqn (iii) by (i)

• From eq. (ii), induced emf in the rotor under running condition,

• The induced emf in the rotor circuit is maximum at the start and varies according to the
value of slip under running condition.
• Rotor Resistance
• Since the rotor winding is made of some conducting material (copper or aluminum),
it has a definite resistance (R= ρl/a). Its value remains constant and is denoted by R2.
• Rotor Reactance
• Whole of the flux produced by the rotor currents does not link with the stator
winding.
• The part of rotor flux which links the rotor conductors but not with the stator
winding is called leakages flux and hence develops leakage inductance (L2).
• The leakage flux and hence the inductance is very small if the rotor conductors are
placed at the outermost periphery of the rotor as shown
• Depending upon the rotor current frequency, rotor reactance will be developed.
• Rotor reactance, X2 = 2π fr L2 = 2π Sf1 L2 = S (2π f1 L2)
• When the rotor is standstill i.e., at the start, when slip, S = 1
• The value of rotor reactance = X2s = 2π f1 L2
• Thus, under normal running, rotor reactance, X2 = SX2s
• Rotor Impedance
• The total opposition offered to the flow of rotor current by the rotor
circuit is called the rotor impedance.

Rotor Current and Power Factor

Under running condition:
• Rotor Impedance
• The total opposition offered to the flow of rotor current by the rotor
circuit is called the rotor impedance.

Rotor Current and Power Factor

Under running condition:
• Simplified Equivalent Circuit of Rotor
• The various parameters and electrical quantities are represented on the circuit diagram shown. The rotor
current is given by the expression:

• The resistance is a function of slip and can be split into two parts;

• Where represents electrical load on the rotor, say R L

• Final Simplified Equivalent Circuit of Rotor

• Where R2 is rotor resistance and X2s is standstill leakage reactance.

• The resistance is fictitious resistance representing load (RL).
• The power consumed by this fictitious resistance i.e., is the electrical power which
is converted into mechanical power to pick the load.
After subtracting the mechanical losses, we get the output power available at the shaft.
Thus, electrical power converted into mechanical power, = watt
• Final Simplified Equivalent Circuit of Rotor
• From the simplified equivalent circuit the phasor diagram of rotor
circuit is drawn
• Rotor current I2 lags behind the rotor standstill induced emf E2s by an angle ϑ2
• The voltage drop across R2 i.e., I2 R2 and across R2 (1 - S )/S are in phase with current I2, whereas the voltage drop
in X2s i.e., I2 X2s leads the current I2 by 90°.

• The vector sum of all the three drops is equal to E2s i.e.,

• Power factor of rotor circuit,

• Example 5
• An 8 HP, 3-phase, 4-pole squirrel cage induction motor is connected to 400 V, 50 Hz supply. The
motor is operating at full-load with 5% slip. Calculate the following: (i) The speed of the revolving
field relative to the stator structure;(ii) The frequency of the rotor currents; (iii) The speed of the
rotor mmf relative to the rotor structure; (iv) The speed of the rotor mmf relative to the stator
structure; (v) The speed of the rotor mmf relative to the stator field distribution; (vi) Are the
conditions right for the development of the net unidirectional torque?
• Example 6
• The resistance and stand-still reactance per phase of a 3-phase induction motor is
0.1 ohm and 0.4 ohm respectively. If 100 V per phase is induced in the rotor circuit
at start then calculate rotor current and rotor p.f. (i) when rotor is stationary and
(ii) when running with a slip of 5%.
• Example 7
• The resistance and stand-still reactance per phase of a 3-phase, 4-pole, 50 Hz induction motor is
0.2 ohm and 2 ohm respectively. The rotor is connected in star and emf induced between the
sliprings at start is 80 V. If at full-load motor is running at a speed of 1440 rpm, calculate (i) the
slip, (ii) rotor induced emf per phase, (iii) the rotor current and power factor under running
condition and (iv) rotor current and p.f. at standstill when the slip rings are short circuited.
• Example 7
• .
• Example 9
• A 3-phase induction motor with star connected rotor has an induced
emf per phase of 60 V with the slip rings open circuited and normal
voltage applied to stator. The resistance and standstill reactance of
each rotor phase are 0·6 ohm and 0·4 ohm respectively. Calculate the
rotor current per phase:
• (i) at stand still when the rotor circuit is connected through rheostat
having a resistance of 5 ohm and reactance 2 ohm per phase.
• (ii) when running with slip rings short circuited with slip of 4%.
• (i) 9·85 A (Ans.) (ii) 6·66 A (Ans.)
• Example 10
• The standstill impedance of a 3-phase, star-connected rotor of a
phase-wound induction motor is (0.4+j4) ohm. When normal supply is
connected to the stator, an emf of 80 V appears across the two slip-
rings of the motor on open circuit. If a rheostat having impedance per
phase of (4+j2) ohm is connected in the rotor, determine.
• (a) the rotor current at standstill with the rheostat is in the circuit;
• (b) when running short-circuit with slip of 3%.
• (a) 6·2 A (Ans.) (b) 3·32 A (Ans.)
• Section Practice Problems
• Numerical Problems
• 1. An 8-pole induction motor is supplied at 50 Hz. At full-load its rotor frequency is 1.5 Hz, what will be its
• speed and slip. (Ans. 727 × 5 rpm, 0 × 03)
• 2. A -3-phase induction motor is required to be operated at about 700 rpm. What will be the number of
poles of the machine if supply frequency is (i) 60 Hz (ii) 25 Hz. Also determine its actual speed if slip is 5%.
• (Ans. 10; 684 rpm, 4; 712 × 5 rpm)
• 3. A 3-phase, 6-pole induction motor is supplied from a 3-phase, 400 V, 50 Hz supply. If it is operating at
• full-load with 0.04 slip, determine:
• (i) The speed of the revolving field relative to the stator structure.
• (ii) The frequency of the rotor currents.
• (iii) The speed of the rotor mmf relative to the rotor structure.
• (iv) The speed of the rotor mmf relative to the stator structure.
• (v) The speed of the rotor mmf relative to the stator field distribution.
• (vi) Are the conditions right for the development of the net unidirectional torque?
• (Ans. 1000 rpm; 2 Hz; 40 rpm; 1000 rpm; zero; yes)
• Section Practice Problems
• 4. The rotor of a 3-phase, phase-wound induction motor has resistance and
stand-still reactance of 0.5 ohm and 2 ohm per phase respectively. When
normal rated supply is fed to the stator, 80 V is induced across two slip-rings at
start on open circuit. Determine the current per phase and p.f. when (i) sliprings
are short circuited (ii) sliprings are connected to a star connected rheostat of 4
ohm per phase.
• (Ans. 95 × 22 A, 0 × 2425 lagging; 9 × 38 A, 0 × 9138 lagging)
• 5. A 3-phase induction motor, with star-connected rotor, has an induced emf
per phase of 60 V with the sliprings open circuited and normal voltage applied
to stator. The resistance and standstill reactance of each rotor phase are 0 ・ 6
ohm and 0 ・ 4 ohm respectively. Calculate the rotor current per phase:
• (a) at standstill when the rotor circuit is connected to a star-connected rheostat
having a resistance of 5 ohm and reactance 2 ohm per phase;
• (b) when running with slip rings short-circuited at 4% slip. (Ans. 5·686 A; 2·31 A)