IGC 1 : ELEMENT 4

‫التخطيط‬

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GENERAL CONTROL PRINCIPLES
1. Avoid Risk: stop doing the task, using different processes or
eliminate the hazard altogether if possible

2. Evaluate Risks that can not be avoided: Carry out Risk

Assessment

3. Combat Risk at Source: Remove the cause rather than

providing protection e.g. using Local Exhaust Ventilation
systems instead of providing PPE.

4. Adapting the work to the individual: Consult affected

employees to improve design of workplace, work equipment,
working hours & pattern

5. Adapting to technical progress: it is crucial to take advantage

of new technologies

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• Replace the dangerous by non-dangerous or the less
dangerous: using less hazardous substances e.g. using water
based solvent instead of solvent based.
• Develop a coherent overall prevention Policy: OHS policy should
be prepared & applied by reference to factors relation to the working
environment, technologies, social relations & organization of work…
etc.
• Giving collective protective measures priority over individual
protective measures: Provision of a safe place of work, with
hazard control at the source to protect all employees rather than
providing individual PPE.
• Giving appropriate instructions, Training & provide supervision
to employees: ensure employees' awareness of the company's
safety procedures, good practice, legal requirements, work
instructions & safe systems of work… etc.

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HIERARCHY OF CONTROL & PPE

• WE’VE STUDIED THE

HIERARCHY OF CONTROL IN
THE PREVIOUS ELEMENT

• WE KNOW PPE MUST ONLY BE

USED AS A LAST LINE OF
DEFENSE

• WHAT ARE THE LIMITATIONS

OF PPE?!

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 Hazard Control Strategy
Hierarchy of control definition:
A preferred series of measures to control risks in
order of priority starting with elimination and ending
with discipline.
E liminate: Remove trailing cable
R eduction: Use lower voltage tools
I solate: Guard dangerous machinery
C ontrol: Reduce time/frequency of exposure
P ersonal Protective Equipment: Issue PPE
D iscipline: Enforce rules and procedures
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 PPE LIMITATIONS
• Only protects the person using it.
• It does not control hazard at
source.
• Must be used properly; can be
uncomfortable or not fitting, need
proper training & instructions.
• Must be taken care of; regularly
inspected, cleaned, stored
properly, reported & replaced
when needed.

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Reasons why employees may not
wear PPE & it is a last resort
• Poor selection/fit
• Lack of comfort
• Incompatibility with other PPE
• Fails to danger
• Contamination
• Misuse or non-use
• Relies on action being taken by user
• May create additional hazards
• Difficulty in obtaining equipment
• Relies on management commitment
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 Selection of PPE
• Identify the • Replacement
hazard • Training needs
• Type of
• Hygiene
equipment
problems
• BS/EN
• Supervision
standards
• Storage
• Comfort
• Compatibility
• Costs
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Head Protection

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Head Protection

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Head Protection

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 Protective Footwear
• Steel toecaps: falling objects
• Steel midsoles: penetrating injuries
• Sole design: slipping, heat, oil
• Non conducting soles: electric shock
• Foundry boots: molten metal
• Forestry boots: chain saws

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Benefits of PPE Limitations of PPE
 Only protects the person using it.
Can be the only practical way during
 It does not control hazard at source.
Emergency evacuation or rescue.
 Must be used properly; can be
Can be used in confined spaces
uncomfortable or not fitting, need
where other alternatives are not
proper training & instructions.
practical.
 Must be taken care of; regularly
Can be portable, easy to use & low
inspected, cleaned, stored properly,
price.
reported & replaced when needed.
Disposable PPE reduce chance of
 Might interfere with sensory input
infection.
e.g. Ear protection might reduce
hearing which increases risk in cases
of Emergency alarms or warning
horns.

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 The Health & Safety
Signs and Signals
• Illuminated signs
• Acoustic signals
• Hand signals
• Verbal signals
• Signs to mark obstacles
• DM Slide
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 The Health and Safety
(Safety Signs & Signals) Regs 1996
‫منع‬ ‫الزامى‬ ‫تحذيرى‬ ‫اماكن آمنة‬
Prohibition Mandatory Warning Safe Place

‫معدات حريق‬

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 SAFETY SIGNS
• Stop / Prohibition: Red colour e.g.
stop signs of No Smoking
• Caution / risk of danger: Yellow
colour e.g. warning signs of
electric current
• Mandatory action: Blue colour
e.g. obligation to wear PPE signs
• Safe condition: Green colour e.g.
fire exits signs

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Viewing Distance (meter)
Minimum letter size (cm)
• 60 – 75 meter
• 18 – 23 meter
• 12.5 cm (5 inches)
• 45 – 60 meter
• 5 cm (2 inches)
• 11.5 cm (4.5 inches) • 12 – 18 meter
• 36 – 45 meter • 3.8 cm (1.5 inches)
• 10 cm (4 inches) • 9 – 12 meter
• 32 – 36 meter • 2.5 cm (1 inch)
• 9 cm (3.5 inches) • 6 – 9 meter
• 27 – 32 meter • 1.9 cm (0.75 inch)
• 7.6 cm (3 inches)
• 3 – 6 meter
• 23 – 27 meter
• 1.25 cm (0.5 inch)
• 6.35 cm (2.5 inches)
• 3 or less meter
• 0.635 cm (0.25 inch)

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 ‫نظام العمل االمن‬
SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK
• Method for doing a job in a
safe way; takes account of all
foreseeable hazards to OHS
& seeks to eliminate or
minimize these. Safe systems
of work are formal &
documented e.g. “Permit to
Work”
Work system.
‫طريقة آمنة النجاز العمل بامان تاخذ‬
‫باعتبارها المهددات و تضع الحلول لها‬

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Role of competent Persons in the
development of safe systems:
‫دور الشخص الكفء بتطوير نظام العمل االمن‬
•Should advise management on the adequacy of the
safe system of work. ‫يوفر النصح لالدارة عن النظام‬
•Assist managers to draw up guidelines for safe
systems of work.‫يساعد المدراء لعمل الدليل االمن للمهمة‬
•Should knowledgeable of the hazards & risks of all
work activities.‫يكون على دراية بجميع مهددات و مخاطر االنشطة‬
•Communicate findings with workforce
‫يوصل معلومات النظام االمن للعمالة والعمال‬

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- Safe system of work need to be communicated to the
work force.‫توصيل المعلومات عن نظام العمل االمن‬
• Adequate training should be given to make sure Safe
systems of work is understood not only by those
directly involved in the doing the job but also to
supervisors & mangers.‫تدريب جيد و كفء على نظام العمل االمن‬
• Training might include: Need for safe system of work,
hazards involved, precautions; isolation, lock out tag
out, permit to work, PPE & emergency procedures…
etc.‫يؤخذ باالعتبار جميع التدابير واالجراءات المتبعة االخرى‬

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Safe Systems of work should be
monitored to ensure they Re effective
in practice, this involves:
‫يجب رصد النظام العمل االمن للتاكد من فاعليته‬
•Inspection to identify how fully they are implemented.
•Reviewing the systems themselves, to ensure they
stay up-to-date.
•Monitoring of implementation is a part of line
managers' responsibilities.
•All organizations must ensure their safe system of
work is reviewed as appropriate.

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 WHEN PREPARING A SAFE
SYSTEM OF WORK
• Identify the task to be done & break it down to steps.
‫حدد المهمة و قسمها الى مراحل‬
• Identify potential hazards & carry out a sufficient & suitable Risk
assessment.
• ‫فى كل مرحلة حدد المهددات وقم بعمل تقييم مخاطر مناسب و كافى لها مع وضح الحلول‬
• Personnel involved in the task & their competence; proper Training,
knowledge & experience.
‫االشخاص والعمال اكفاء من العلم والخبرة والتدريب والمهارات والتصريح‬
• Specific available work instructions or SOP
• ‫يؤخذ باالعتبار اجراءات التشغيل االمن من قبل المصنع لالالت والمعدات‬
• Any special tools, equipment or PPE. ‫اية معدات خاصة اخرى للعمال‬
• Precautions needed: Isolation, Lock Out Tag Out…etc
‫اجراءات العزل وفصل مصادر الطاقة‬
• Permit To Work if required. ‫استخدام تصريح العمل‬

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Definition of Confined Space:

• Any enclosed space, where there is a

reasonably foreseeable specified risk
associated with that enclosed space.
Includes chambers, tanks, vats, silos,
pits, trenches, pipes, sewers, flues,
wells or other similar spaces
‫مكان محصور و ضيق وبه مهددات كثيرة مقترنة بالعمل‬
. ‫بداخلة‬
‫مثل الخزانات والصوامع و شبكات الصرف الصحى و‬
‫ الخ‬, ‫اعمال الحفر على شكل خندق واالقماع‬

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It is generally considered that the specified
risks are:‫مخاطر العمل داخل االماكن المحصورة والضيقة‬
•Serious injury from fire or explosion ‫االصابة من الحريق او االنفجار‬
•Increased body temperature resulting in unconsciousness
‫زيادة درجة حرارة الجسم وفقد الوعى‬
•Unconsciousness or asphyxiation resulting from work exposure to
gas, fume, vapour, lack of oxygen
‫فقد الوعى واالختناق من استنشاق الغازات و العوادم واالبخرة و نقص االكسجين‬
•Drowning from rising liquid level ‫االنجراف مع تيارات مائية‬
•Asphyxiation from a free flowing solid‫االختناق من منتجات حبيبة صلبة‬
•Entrapment in the free flowing solid which prevents escape to a
respirable environment
‫االحتجاز بسبب المواد الصلبة الحبيبية التى تغمر جسم االنسان وتردمه‬

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Controls & Precautions for confined space
entry:‫حلول التحكم والسيطرة للدخول لالماكن الضيقة و المحددة‬
•Follow a Safe System of Work & Issue a PTW
‫اتباع نظام العمل االمن وتصاريح العمل‬
•Avoid entering the confined space altogether.‫تجنب الدخول ان امكن‬
•Carry out proper analysis of the task & Risk Evaluation ‫تقييم مخاطر‬
•Assign a competent supervisor & Conduct a Safety briefing
‫حدد مشرف كفء ويفعل لقاء تعريفى قبل العمل‬
•Isolate energy & check air quality ‫عزل مصادر الطاقة و مراقبة االجواء الخطرة‬
‫بالداخل و قياسها‬
•Provide adequate ventilation & Gas Purging‫توفير التهوية الجيدة و شفط الغازات‬
‫السامة‬
•Provide adequate tools & PPE‫توفير مهمات وقاية وادوات امنة‬
•Arrange for adequate communication‫وسائل اتصال بين العمال و المالحظ‬
•Emergency procedures & First Aid‫االسعافات االولية وخطط الطوارىء‬
•Minimize the working time & Regularly test air quality
‫قلل وقت العمل مع مراقبة واختبار االجواء باستمراربالداخل‬
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When considering undertaking work
in confined space we need to
consider three areas:

•The hazards ‫المهددات‬

•The safe system of work‫نظام العمل االمن‬
•The emergency arrangements
‫ترتيبات الطوارى واالنقاذ‬

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‫المهددات ‪1) The Hazards‬‬
‫‪The hazards to be considered when undertaking confined space‬‬
‫‪work are:‬‬
‫•‬ ‫)‪(Chemical/biological‬المحتوى السابق للمكان المحدود والضيق‬
‫•‬ ‫هل هناك اية بقايا للمواد بالداخل ‪Are there any residues‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ما هى المواد المستعملة للتنظيف‪What cleaning materials are being used‬‬
‫•‬ ‫هل هناك احتمالية تفاعل من مواد التنظيف و المواد المتبقية‬
‫•‬ ‫خطر نقص نسبة االكسجين و او زيادة نسبة االكسجين‬
‫•‬ ‫احتمال ان يكون هناك هواء قابل لالشتعال او االنفجاء‬
‫•‬ ‫ما هى تجهيزات الدخول و الخروج‬
‫•‬ ‫ما االدوات و المعدات‪What tools and equipment need to be used‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ما هى ابعاد المكان الضيق‪What are physical dimensions of confined space‬‬
‫•‬ ‫احتمالية انهيار المكان او قواعدة ‪Structural collapse‬‬

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2) Safe System of Work ‫انظمة العمل االمن‬
The Risk Assessment will help to identify the need for a Permit-to-
Work and to develop the Safe System to Work which will develop
procedures for:

• Permit to work‫تصاريح العمل للمكان المحدود‬

• Emptying ‫تفريغ المحتوى‬ • Lighting‫مستوى اضاءة جيد‬
• Isolation‫• عزل مصادر الطاقة عن المكان‬
P.P.E. ‫مهمات وقاية‬
• Atmospheric tests‫اختبارات الهواء‬
• Communication‫وسيلة اتصال‬
• Suitable Access & egress
‫اماكن دخول و خروج آمنة‬ • Competent staff‫فريق عمل كفء‬
• Suitable tools/equipment • Supervision‫االشراف المستمر‬
‫معدات و ادوات آمنة‬ • Emergency arrangements
‫ترتيبات خطط االستجابة للطوارىء‬

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3) Emergency Arrangements
‫ترتيبات االستجابة للطوارىء‬
Emergency arrangement for personnel working in confined
spaces may require:
•Rescue/resuscitation equipment ‫ادوات انقاذ‬
•Medical Arrangements‫ترتيبات اسعاف‬
•Raising the alarm and rescue ‫االنذار اليدوى‬
•Safeguarding the rescuers‫تامين المنقذين‬
•Safeguarding third parties‫تامين االفرلد من طرف ثالث‬
•Fire fighting ‫مكافحة الحريق‬
•Control of plant‫التحكم بالمؤسسة‬
•First aid ‫االسعافات االولية‬
•Liaison with emergency services‫االلتزام باجراءات الطوارى‬

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 PERMIT TO WORK
‫تصريح العمل‬
"PTW is a specialized type of Safe System of
Work under which certain categories of High
Risk-potential work may only be done with the
specific permission of an authorized manager".

PERMIT
TO
WORK

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 WHEN IS PTW NEEDED?!
‫متى نحتاج تصريح العمل‬
• When the intended work may
adversely effect personnel, the
environment or the
site/installation
‫عندما يشكل العمل المراد تنفيذة تاثير على‬
‫االفراد والبيئة والقواعد المكان‬
• Non –routine activities (which
may require Job Safety
Analysis) ‫االعمال الغير روتينية‬
• Complex multi group activities
‫انشطة بها اعمال متداخلة الكثر من جهة‬
• Maintenance work ‫اعمال الصيانة‬

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The PTW is issued before conducting any
hazardous work and it:
‫يتم طلب اصدار التصريح قبل البدء باالعمال‬
– Defines the scope of the work to be done.
‫يحدد نطاق العمل و المكان‬
– Identifies hazards and assesses risk.
‫يحدد المهددات و يقييم المخاطر‬
– Establishes control measures to prevent and mitigate risks.
‫يضع حلول للسيطرة على المخاطر المحتملة‬
– Links the work to other associated work permits.
‫يتم ربط االلتصريح باية تصاريح اخرى متشاركة‬
– Is authorized by responsible person(s).‫يتم اصدارة بواسطة شخص مسئول‬
– Communicates above to all involved in the work.‫التواصل‬
– Ensures adequate control over a return to normal operation.
‫التأكد من عودة جميع الحلول و اساليب التحكم عند انتهاء العمل و عودة المكان للتشغيل‬

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 OPERATION OF PTW
• An authorized competent person will PT
issue the PTW: sign in W

• The person who will directly

supervise /perform the operation then
receives the PTW & sign for
compliance.
• The receiver then clears the PTW: sign
to ensure return to service
• Cancellation by authorized competent
person: sign off

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 TYPES OF PTW
• HOT WORK PERMIT E.G.
WELDING
• CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
PERMIT
• WORKING ON HIGH VOLTAGE
• LONE WORKING
• GENERAL WORK PERMIT

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Hot Work Permit:
• Hot Work is potentially hazardous as a source of ignition in any
plant in which flammable materials are handled.
• ‫تصاريح العمل الساخن‬
• Hot Work includes cutting, welding, brazing, soldering & any
process involving the application of a naked flame.
• ‫اللحام والقطع و التجليخ‬
• Hot Work should therefore be done under the terms of a Hot
Work Permit & a Safe System of Work is followed.

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Work on High Voltage apparatus:
work on voltage over 600 volts is very
high Risk:‫تصاريح العمل على كهرباء عالية الجهد‬

•Fatal electric shock/burns.

•Electric Fires/Explosions
•Safe System of work must be followed,
PTW issued.

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Lone Workers: people working by themselves
without close or direct supervision, they need
specific safety procedures:
‫تصاريح العمل منفردا‬
•Special arrangements for First Aid & Emergencies
•Reliable means communication
•Frequent visits by supervisors
•Follow up with the lone worker till he returns back safe to base
•Automatic warning devices & alarms
•Always follow a Safe system of work / JSA & carry out Risk
Assessment
•Best control is to avoid lone working altogether.

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TRAVEL ABROAD
‫تصاريح السفر للخارج للعمل‬
• As globalization increases more employees are
travelling abroad on company business.
• Business travel is different to tourist in that generally
people on holiday may be traveling in organized
groups and also may be escorted. On business
travel the person may well be on their own.
• The employer should obtain information on the
country to be visited so that the employee is made
aware of the risks involved.

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Information can be obtained from:
• Employees own country government
• Local media i.e. newspapers and television
• World news organizations
• Organizations within the country to be visited
• The internet
• Travel agents, airlines, etc. may also provide
information

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This information can include issues
such as:

•Religious and cultural differences

•Legal systems
•The status of women

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