MEDICAL TRANSCRIPTION

BASICS
INTRODUCTION
• There are 4 basic elements of a medical word

• Word Root
• Combining forms
• Suffixes
• Prefixes
WORD ROOT
• Main part or skeleton of a word
• Mostly derived from Greek or Latin language
• Most often indicate a body part
• Some words have one, while others have two
word roots
WORD ROOT
Some examples
• Hepat – liver
• Oste – bone
• Cardi – heart
• Phleb – vein
• Gastr – stomach
COMBINING VOWEL
• Word root is mostly used with a combining vowel
(A, E, I, O, and U) in medical word formation.
• Most of the time the combining vowel is ‘o’
• A few examples
• Phleb/o
• Cardi/o
• Hepat/o
• Gastr/o
• Oste/o
SUFFIX
• A word ending is called a suffix
• The suffixes in medical words mostly indicate a
procedure, incision, disease condition, or parts
of speech
• A suffix is added to change the meaning
Contd...
• For example
• Cholecyst + ectomy = Cholecystectomy (excision
of gallbladder
• Hemat + emesis = Hematemesis (blood in
vomit)
• Oste/o + malacia = Osteomalacia (Softening of
bone)
PREFIX
• A word element located at the beginning of a
word is called a prefix
• Prefixes mostly denote the position, number or
measurement, time, colour, direction, negation
in a medical words.
• Meaning of a word is altered by changing the
prefix.
Contd.....
• For example:
• Tachy + card + ia = Tachycardia (rapid heart
beat)
• Supra + ren + al = Suprarenal (pertaining to
above the kidney)
• Dipl + opia = Diplopia (double vision)
• Epi + derm + is = Epidermis (above the skin)
 RULES TO BE FOLLOWED
Rule – 1
• If a suffix begins with a vowel, then no form of
combining vowel is used with the word root to form a
word.
• For example
• Gastr + itis = gastritis (inflammation of stomach)
• Hyster + ectomy = Hysterectomy (excision of uterus)
• Arthr + algia = Arthralgia (pain in the joints)
• Aden + oma = Adenoma (tumor of a gland)
Rule - 2
• If a suffix begins with a consonant( a consonant is a
speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial
closure of the vocal tract. Examples are [p], pronounced
with the lips; [t], pronounced with the front of the
tongue; [k], pronounced with the back of the tongue; [h],
pronounced in the throat; [f] and[s], pronounced by
forcing air through a narrow channel (fricatives);
and [m] and [n], which have air flowing through the nose (
nasals).), then a combining vowel is used with the word
root before the suffix.
• For example:
• Phleb/o + centesis = Phlebocentesis (surgical puncture of
a vein)
• Thorac/o + tomy = thoracotomy (incision of the chest)
• Arthr/o + scopy = Arthroscopy (examination of a joint)
Rule - 3
• When two or more than two – word roots are
used in a medical word, the two – word roots are
combined with the help of a combining vowel
between them.
• Esophag/o + gastr/o + duoden/o + scopy =
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Rule - 4
• When there are two-word roots in a medical
word, then, even if the second word root begins
with a vowel, a combining form is retained
between them.
• Example:
Osteoarthritis
Oste/o + arthr + itis
Bone + joint + inflammation
STEPS FOR DEFINING MEDICAL WORDS
• STEP I: Define the suffix or the last part of the
word first
• STEP II: Define the prefix or first part of word if
any
• STEP III: Define the middle of the word, which
is mostly a word root.
For example
Osteoarthritits
Oste/o+arthr+itis
Bone+ joint+ inflammation
First, define the suffix: itis, i.e. Inflammation
Then, define the first part of word, i.e. Bone
Then, define the middle of word, i.e. Joint
Thus, osteoarthritis means inflammation of bone
and joints
Exercise 1
Colonoscopy
Exercise 1
Colonoscopy
Colon/o/scopy
Visual examination of colon
Exercise 2
• Dermatoplasty
Exercise 2
• Dermatoplasty
• Derma / 0 / plasty
• Surgical repair of the skin
Exercise 3
• Glossopharyngeal
Exercise 3
• Glossopharyngeal
• Gloss / o / pharyge / al
• Related to tongue and pharynx
Exercise 4
• Aerohydrotherapy
Exercise 4
• Aerohydrotherapy
• Aer / o /hydr / o / therapy
• Treatment with the help of air and water
Exercise 5
• Tracheomalacia
Exercise 5
• Tracheomalacia
• Trache / o / malacia
• Softening of the trachea
Exercise 6
• Thrombectomy
Exercise 6
• Thrombectomy
• Thromb / ectomy
• Excision of the thrombus (blood clot)
Exercise 7
• Bronchospasm
Exercise 7
• Bronchospasm
• Bronch / o / spasm
• Stricture or stenosis of bronchi
Exercise 8
• Jejunorrhaphy
Exercise 8
• Jejunorrhaphy
• Jejun / o / rrhaphy
• Suturing the jejunum
Exercise 9
• Leukorrhea
Exercise 9
• Leukorrhea
• Leuk / o / rrhea
• White discharge
Exercise 10
• Cystolithotomy
Exercise 10
• Cystolithotomy
• Cyst / o / lith / o / tomy
• Incision to remove stone from the urinary
bladder
Exercise 11
• Erythropoiesis
Exercise 11
• Erythropoiesis
• Erythr / o / poiesis
• Formation of red blood cells
Exercise 12
• Osteomyelitis
Exercise 12
• Osteomyelitis
• Oste / 0 /myel / itis
• Inflammation of the bone marrow and bone
Exercise 13
• Tendotome
Exercise 13
• Tendotome
• Tend / o / tome
• An instrument used to cut the tendon
Exercise 14
• Tibiofemoral
Exercise 14
• Tibiofemoral
• Tibi / o / femor / al
• Related to the tibia or femur
Exercise 15
• Hypometabolism
Exercise 15
• Hypometabolism
• Hypo / metabolism
• Reduced rate of metabolism
Exercise 16
• Monoplegia
Exercise 16
• Monoplegia
• Mono / plegia
• Paralysis of one limb
Exercise 17
• Hyponatremia
Exercise 17
• Hyponatremia
• Hypo / natr / emia
• Low level of sodium in blood
Exercise 18
• Hypercalcemia
Exercise 18
• Hypercalcemia
• Hyper / calc / emia
• Increased level of calcium in blood
Exercise 19
• Osteoporosis
Exercise 19
• Osteoporosis
• Oste / o /porosis
• The condition of having decreased bone density
and mass
Exercise 20
• Hepatomegaly
Exercise 20
• Hepatomegaly
• Hepat / o / megaly
• Enlargement of liver
Exercise 21
• Hypoproteinemia
Exercise 21
• Hypoproteinemia
• Hypo / protein / emia
• Low amount of total protein in blood
Exercise 22
• Thoracocentesis
Exercise 22
• Thoracocentesis
• Thorac / o / centesis
• Surgical puncture of the chest cavity
Exercise 23
• Osteopathy
Exercise 23
• Osteopathy
• Oste / o / pathy
• Disease of bones
Exercise 24
• Infrarenal
Exercise 24
• Infrarenal
• Infra / renal
• Below the kidney
Exercise 25
• Primigravida
Exercise 25
• Primigravida
• Primi / gravida
• Woman in her first pregnancy
Exercise 26
• Thoracotomy
Exercise 26
• Thoracotomy
• Thorac / o / tomy
• A surgical incision into the thorax
Exercise 27
• Gastroenterology
Exercise 27
• Gastroenterology
• Gastr / o /enter / o / logy
• Study of stomach and intestine
Exercise 28
• Jejunosotmy
Exercise 28
• Jejunosotmy
• Jejun / o / stomy
• Forming a surgical opening in the jejunum
Exercise 29
• Arthritis
Exercise 29
• Arthritis
• Arthr / itis
• Inflammation of joints
Exercise 30
• Bradycardia
Exercise 30
• Bradycardia
• Brady / cardia
• Slow heartbeat
THANK YOU