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Sales Meeting
December-04 TFTs Basic Concepts TFTs Basic Concepts TFT-LCD Basic Concepts What is TFT LCD? LCD Lighting Theory Liquid Crystal Operation TFT Pixel Element Driving Methods of LCD Passive Matrix LCD Problems TFT-based Active Matrix LCDs (AMLCD) AMLCDs: Operation Advantages of the active matrix (AM) approach. Color Filters (RGB) Display Mode Backlights TFT Resolutions Basic Concepts What is TFT LCD? TFT LCD (Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display) has a sandwich-like structure with liquid crystal filled between two glass plates. Basic Concepts What is TFT LCD? Basic Concepts What is TFT LCD?
TFT Glass has as many TFTs as the number of pixels displayed.
A Color Filter Glass has color filter which generates color.
Liquid crystals move according to the difference in voltage between the Color Filter Glass and the TFT Glass.
The amount of light supplied by Back Light is determined by the amount of movement of the liquid crystals in such a way as to generate color. Basic Concepts LCD Lighting Theory Liquid crystal will rotates into different angles according to the charges applied to each pixel.
Why we need to control the LC's standing angle lies within millions of pixels?
Because we need to use LC's optic rotation nature to control the
amount of light passing through the LCD panel.
Light from the back light module travels from the TFT panel through ITO electrode, turned by Liquid Crystal and reaches the LCD panel on the top. Basic Concepts LCD Lighting Theory Basic Concepts Liquid Crystal Operation
With no voltage applied across the pixel, the LC molecules
twist to align to the rubbing of the glass plates. Light entering the first polarizer is twisted and can exit the second polarizer --> pixel is ON
With a voltage applied across the pixel, the LC molecules
untwist to align with the electric field. Light entering the first polarizer cannot exit the second polarizer --> pixel is OFF. Basic Concepts Liquid Crystal Pixel: ON Basic Concepts Liquid Crystal Pixel: OFF Basic Concepts
Operation of twisted nematic
field effect mode liquid crystal cell. Basic Concepts TFT Pixel Element
A TFT substrate is composed of a matrix of pixels and ITO
region ( a transparent electric conducting film)each with a TFT device and is so called array. Thousands or millions of these pixels together create an image on the display. The diagram below shows the simple structure of a pixel Basic Concepts Driving Methods of LCD
Passive Matrix: (PMLCD)
Simple matrix type was used in the first stage of LCDs. In this method, the transparent electrodes are set on X and Y axis. There is not switching device.
Active Matrix: (AMLCD)
A switching device and a
storage capacitor are integrated at the each cross point of the electrodes Basic Concepts Basic configuration of an AMLCD; this structure is the typical transmissive color TFT-LCD
Display Size is limited because the more rows, the shorter time the on-voltage can be applied, resulting in poor contrast ratio, narrow viewing angle, and fewer gray levels.
Crosstalk occurs when neighboring pixel voltages affect each
other, reducing the gray scale, contrast, and viewing angle.
Submarining occurs when slow-to-respond LC materials cannot
respond quickly enough and the picture can disappear temporarily.
One Solution: placing a switch at each pixel, such as a transistor
or diode --> pixel matrix becomes “active.” Basic Concepts TFT-based Active Matrix LCDs (AMLCD) Basic Concepts schematic diagram of TFT-LCD array with controllers, power supply, and driver circuits Basic Concepts AMLCDs: Operation
Switching element at each pixel. Individual pixels isolated from
each other. Thin Film Transistors most commonly used. Horizontal scan lines address gates of the TFTs. Data applied through vertical lines (drain), changing the polarization and optical transparency of the liquid crystal cell. Many passive display problems eliminated:
pixel isolation eliminates crosstalk
isolation from the column line permits the pixel capacitor to remain charged, so that faster responding liquid crystals can be used. Larger displays can be realized. Basic Concepts Advantages of the active matrix (AM) approach.
Higher sizes Higher contrast Higher gray scale Higher resolution Higher viewing angle Faster response. Eliminates “ghosting” Better control of the color Basic Concepts Color Filters (RGB) Conventional color displays use a pixel arrangement called RGB. In this arrangement, red, green and blue pixels are arranged in equal proportion. at high pixel densities, RGB arrangement is adequate, when the number of pixels is limited, the image may appear fuzzy. To compensate for this, a GRGB arrangement can be used Basic Concepts Display Mode
Transmissive type TFT LCD: the light travels from the backlight through color filter and LC then appears on the panel. (high brightness but more power consumption). Reflective type TFT LCD contains a reflective mirror, utilizing the external light for image display. power saving, and light- weight (without backlight). Ideal for viewing with external light sources. Basic Concepts Display Mode
Transflective type TFT LCD is a promising displaying
device for both outdoor and indoor applications. Benefits of adopting Transflective technology includes:
Power saving Sun light readability Indoor readability Light-weight Basic Concepts Backlights: CCFL
Advantages Disadvantages Simple Design Narrow Drive Temperature
required) Brightness (Min) 1,000 cd/m2 (direct application) 450 cd/m2 (side application) Luminous Color White Life Time 15,000 ~ 20,000 Hrs Operating Temperature 0 ~ +60° c Storage Temperature -20 ~ +70° c Basic Concepts Backlights: CCFL Backlight Structure
Direct Type
Side Lightguide Type
Basic Concepts Backlights: LED
Advantages Disadvantages Very Long Life Low Uniformity
Wide Temperature Thickness
DC Single Operation Less brightness than CCFL
Various Colors
High Brightness
Low Power Comsumption
Basic Concepts Backlights: LED
Driving Voltages 2.1V ~ 8Vdc
Brightness (Min) 70 cd/m2 5 ~ 30 cd/m2 Luminous Color Yellow-Green, White, Green, Blue, Amber, Red Life Time 100,000 Hrs Operating Temperature -20 ~ +70° c Storage Temperature - -20 ~ +85° c Basic Concepts Backlights: LED Backlight structure
A Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Is A Thin, Flat Electronic Visual Display That Uses The Light Modulating Properties of Liquid Crystals (LCS) - Lcs Do Not Emit Light Directly
A Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Is A Thin, Flat Electronic Visual Display That Uses The Light Modulating Properties of Liquid Crystals (LCS) - Lcs Do Not Emit Light Directly
