Chapter 1b
Fundamental of Digital
Communication
3.1
McGraw-Hill
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Data Transmission
• Data transmission is the transfer of data from
point-to-point often represented as an
electromagnetic signal over a physical point-to-
point or point-to-multipoint communication channel
• A communication channel refers to the medium
used to convey information from a sender (or
transmitter) to a receiver, and it can use fully or
partially the medium.
• Examples of channels: copper wires, optical fibbers
or wireless communication channels.
•
Data Communication Channels
The following is a discussion on the THREE main types of transmission
circuits (channels), simplex, half duplex and full duplex.
• Simplex
– Data in a simplex channel is always one way.
– Simplex channels are not often used because it is not possible to send
back error or control signals to the transmit end.
– Exmple: interface between the keyboard and the computer,
• Half Duplex
– A half duplex channel can send and receive, but not at the same time.
– Its like a one-lane bridge where two way traffic must give way in order
to cross. Only one end transmits at a time, the other end receives
-ex:Walkie-talkie -Advantage: entire bandwidth can be used for
transmission Cons: not suitable for high interactive application
• Full Duplex
– Data can travel in both directions simultaneously.
– There is no need to switch from transmit to receive mode like in half
duplex.
– Its like a two lane bridge on a two-lane highway.
.
ANALOG AND DIGITAL Signal
• Data can be analog or digital.
• The term analog data refers to information that is continuous;
• digital data refers to information that has discrete states
• Data must be transformed to electromagnetic signals
• .Signal in Electronics known as is a time varying with voltage or current
• Signals can be analog or digital.
Analog signals can have an infinite number of values in a range;
• digital signals can have only a limited number of values.
•
Figure 3.1 Comparison of analog and digital signals
3.10
Advantages of Analog System:
• Uses less bandwidth
• Density is much higher.
• easy processing
Disadvantages of Analog System:
•Advantages of Digital
Unwanted noise System:
in recording.
••Generation
Less expensive
loss
• More reliable
• Easy to manipulate
• Flexible
• Compatibility with other digital system
• Integrated networks
BASIS FOR
COMPARISO ANALOG SIGNAL DIGITAL SIGNAL
N
Basic An analog signal is a continuous A digital signal is a discrete
wave that changes over a time wave that carries information
period. in binary form.
Representation An analog signal is represented A digital signal is represented
by a sine wave. by square waves.
Description An analog signal is described by A digital signal is described by
the amplitude, period or bit rate and bit intervals.
frequency, and phase.
Range Analog signal has no fixed range. Digital signal has a finite
range i.e. between 0 and 1.
Distortion An analog signal is more prone A digital signal is less prone to
to distortion. distortion.
Transmit An analog signal transmit data in A digital signal carries data in
the form of a wave. the binary form i.e. 0 nad 1.
Example The human voice is the best Signals used for transmission
example of an analog signal. in a computer are the digital
signal.
PERIODIC ANALOG SIGNALS
• In data communications, we commonly use periodic analog signals and nonperiodic digital
signals.
• Periodic analog signals can be classified as simple or composite.
• A simple periodic analog signal, a sine wave, cannot be decomposed into simpler signals.
• A composite periodic analog signal is composed of multiple sine waves.
Properties of Signal
• Peak Amplitude :The peak amplitude of a signal is the absolute value of its highest intensity,
proportional to the energy it carries..
• Frequency is the rate of change with respect to time.
Change in a short span of time means high frequency.
Change over a long span of time means low frequency
• If a signal does not change at all, its frequency is zero.
• If a signal changes instantaneously, its frequency is infinite
• Phase describes the position of the waveform relative to time 0
Two signals with the same phase and frequency,
but different amplitudes
Two signals with the same amplitude and phase,
but different frequencies
Three sine waves with the same amplitude and frequency,
but different phases
3.17
The time-domain and frequency-domain plots of a sine wave
A complete sine wave in the time domain can be represented by one single spike in the frequency
domain
3.18
Example 3.8
• A single-frequency sine wave is not useful in data communications;we need to
send a composite signal, a signal made of many simple sine waves
• According to Fourier analysis, any composite signal is a combination of simple
sine waves with different frequencies, amplitudes, and phases
• If the composite signal is periodic, the decomposition gives a series of signals
with discrete frequencies;
if the composite signal is nonperiodic, the decomposition gives a combination of
sine waves with continuous frequencies
.
Figure 3.9 A composite periodic signal
3.20
Figure 3.10 Decomposition of a composite periodic signal in the time and
frequency domains
3.21
DIGITAL SIGNAL TRANSMISSION
Transmit a digital signal by using
1)Baseband transmission
2) Broadband transmission (using modulation).
1)Baseband transmission : sending a digital signal over a channel without changing the digital
signal to an analog signal.A digital signal is a composite analog signal with an infinite bandwidth
• Baseband transmission requires that we have a low-pass channel, a channel with a bandwidth that
starts from zero. This is the case if we have a dedicated medium with a
bandwidth constituting only one channel Ex:Bus topology
DIGITAL SIGNAL TRANSMISSION
2) Broadband transmission (using modulation).
It means changing the digital signal to an analog
signal for transmission. Modulation allows us to use a bandpass channel-a channel with
a bandwidth that does not start from zero.
• This type of channel is more available than a
low-pass channel.
• If the available channel is a bandpass channel, we cannot send the digital signal directly to
the channel; we need to convert the digital signal to an analog signal before transmission
Ex: example of broadband transmission using modulation is the sending of computer data
through a telephone subscriber line
Figure 3.24 Modulation of a digital signal for transmission on a bandpass
channel
3.24
Analog Transmission
25
Digital Transmission
Digital transmission is concerned with the
content of the signal.
It can use digital signal, or analog signal.
Repeaters are used instead of amplifiers
A repeater receives the signal, recovers the pattern
of 1s and 0s, regenerates the signal, and
retransmits the signal.
Amplifiers cannot do this, as the signal has no
meaning of 0 or 1
Attenuation is overcome, noise is not
cumulative.
26
Analog Signals Carrying Analog
and Digital Data
27
Digital Signals Carrying Analog
and Digital Data
Analog Data
28
Summary of data transmission
29
Summary of data transmission
30
5-1 DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION
Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of changing one of the characteristics of an analog
signal based on the information in digital data.
Topics discussed in this section:
Aspects of Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Amplitude Shift Keying
Frequency Shift Keying
Phase Shift Keying
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
5.31
Figure 5.1 Digital-to-analog conversion
5.32
Figure 5.2 Types of digital-to-analog conversion
5.33
3.34
3.35
3.36
3.37
4-2 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION
A digital signal is superior to an analog signal. The tendency today is to change an analog
signal to digital data. In this section we describe two techniques, pulse code modulation and
delta modulation.
Topics discussed in this section:
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Delta Modulation (DM)
4.38
Figure 4.21 Components of PCM encoder
4.39
3.40
5-2 ANALOG AND DIGITAL
Analog-to-analog conversion is the representation of analog information by an analog
signal. One may ask why we need to modulate an analog signal; it is already analog.
Modulation is needed if the medium is bandpass in nature or if only a bandpass
channel is available to us.
Topics discussed in this section:
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Phase Modulation
5.41
Figure 5.15 Types of analog-to-analog modulation
5.42
Figure 5.16 Amplitude modulation
5.43
Figure 5.18 Frequency modulation
5.44
Figure 5.20 Phase modulation
5.45
4-1 DIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION
In this section, we see how we can represent digital data by using digital signals. The
conversion involves three techniques: line coding, block coding, and scrambling. Line coding
is always needed; block coding and scrambling may or may not be needed.
Topics discussed in this section:
Line Coding
Line Coding Schemes
Block Coding
Scrambling
4.46
Figure 4.1 Line coding and decoding
4.47
Figure 4.4 Line coding schemes
4.48
