ANTILOCK BREAKING
SYSTEM
ABS
INTRODUCTION
“Anti-lock Braking System also known as anti-skid braking system (ABS)
is an automobile safety system which prevents the locking of wheels
during braking and avoid uncontrolled skidding..”
The modern abs system allows steering during braking which gives
more control over the vehicle in case of sudden braking.
The main advantages of using ABS system in vehicle is that it provide
better control over the vehicle and decreases stopping distance on dry
and slippery surfaces.
PRINCIPLE
It works on the principle of threshold braking and cadence
braking.
Cadence braking and threshold braking is a technique in which a
driver applies the brakes and releases it before locking up the wheel
and then applies the brakes and releases it again before locking.
This process of applying and releasing the brakes on the wheel is
done in pulse form to prevent it from locking and stop skidding of
the vehicle.
The driver practices this technique to achieve better
control over the vehicle during instant braking and stop
skidding of the vehicle.
The ABS system automatically does this cadence braking
to prevent locking of wheel and skidding of vehicle when
brakes are applied.
MAIN COMPONENTS
It has four main components;
1. Speed sensors
2. Valves
3. Pump
4. Controller
5. Speed Sensors
It is used to calculate the acceleration and deceleration of the wheel. It
consists of a toothed wheel and an electromagnetic coil or a magnet and a
Hall Effect sensor to generate signal. When the wheel or differentials of the
vehicle rotates, it induces magnetic field around the sensor.
2) Valves
The valves regulate the air pressure to the brakes during the ABS
action . There is a valve in the brake line of each brake that is
controlled by the ABS.
In the first position, the brake valve is open and it allows the
pressure from the master cylinder to be transferred to the brakes.
In the second position, the brake valve remains closed and pressure
from the master cylinder to the brakes is constrained.
In the third position, the valve releases some of the pressure on the
brakes.
3) Pump
Pump is used to restore the pressure to the hydraulic brakes after the
valve releases the pressure.
When the controller detects wheel slip, it sends signals to release the
valve. After the valve releases the pressure supplied from the driver, it
restore a desired amount of pressure to the braking system.
The controller adjust the states of the pump so as to provide desired
amount of pressure and reduce slipping of the wheel.
4. Controller
The controller used in ABS system is of ECU type.
Its main function is to receives information from each individual
wheel speed sensors and if a wheel loses its traction with the
ground, a signal is sent to the controller, the controller than limit
the brake force (EBD) and activate the ABS modulator.
The activated ABS modulator actuates the braking valves on and off
and varies the pressure to the brakes.
WORKING
The controller (ECU-Electronic Control Unit) reads the signal from each of
the speed sensors of the wheel.
As the ECU reads the signal which indicates the rapid decrease in the
speed of the wheel, it sends signal to the valve which makes the valve close
and the brake pad reduces and prevents the wheel from locking.
The wheel again starts to accelerate, again the signal sends to the
controller, this time it opens the valve, increasing the pressure to the brake
pad and brakes are applied, this again reduces the speed of the wheel and
tries to make it stop.
This process of applying brakes and releasing it happens 15 times
in a second when a driver suddenly applies the brake harder. Due to
this the locking of the wheel is prevented and the skidding of the
vehicle eliminated. During braking with ABS system, the driver
can steer the vehicle and reduces the risk of vehicle collision.
ADVANTAGES
1. It prevents the locking of the wheel and thus eliminates the
chance of skidding.
2. The skidding of the vehicle is completely removed, which results
in excellent control during braking?
3. A better steering control is obtained with the ABS system.
4. It reduces the chance of collision by 30%.
DISADVANTAGE
A vehicle equipped with ABS (Anti-lock Braking System)
is costlier as compared with a vehicle without ABS.
APPLICATIONS
In latest cars
In racing cars
Also in racing bikes
In latest trucks
In upcoming 2 wheelers
CONCLUSION
It is inferred that ABS improves the braking performance.
The stopping distance after using ABS system has
considerably reduced.
The error in slip and desired slip is used to manipulate
brake pressure in brake cylinder.
Thank
you
