Introduction To Logic

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Introduction To Logic

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Julio Bautista

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Introduction to Logic

General Mathematics
Logic | Definition

 Logic is the study of principles and methods governing

correct or reliable inference. This includes analyzing
the relationship and interdependence of a series of
statements to properly draw a valid conclusion.
Proposition | Definition

 A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either

true or false, but nor both. If a proposition is true, then
its truth value is true which is denoted by T; otherwise,
its truth value is false and is denoted by F.
Proposition | Example
 Determine whether each of the following is a proposition or not a proposition.

1. The number 4 is even and less than 12.

Proposition
2. Malolos is the capital of Bulacan.
Proposition
3. How old are you?
Not a Proposition
4. Open your eyes.
Not a Proposition
5. Aaron’s solution is incorrect.
Not a Proposition
Proposition | Types
 Simple Proposition – a proposition that conveys one thought
with no connecting words.

Examples:
p: Rowena is passing in Mathematics.
q: Peter is sick.
r: 2 + 5 is 7
Proposition | Types
 Compound Proposition – is a proposition formed from simple
propositions using logical connectors or some combination of
logical connectors. Some logical connectors involving
propositions p and/or q may be expressed as follows:

Not p
p and q
p or q
If p then q
Proposition | Types
Examples:
p: It is not the case that is a rational number.
q: Either logic is fun and interesting, or it is boring.
r: If you study hard, then you will get good grades.
Types of Proposition | Examples
p: Mindanao is an island in the Philippines.
q: My seatmate will get a perfect score in the Logic exam.
r: 3 + 2 = 5
s: is a rational function.
t: My friend took his master’s degree in Spain.
u: Roel was on time, but Tom was late.
v: Jose Rizal is our national hero.
Types of Compound
Proposition
Negation | Definition
 The negation of a proposition p is denoted by

~ p : (read as “not p”)

And is defined through its truth table:

p ~p
T F
F T
Negation | Examples
State the negation of the following propositions.
: is a polynomial function.
: It is not true that is a polynomial function.
: is not a polynomial function.

: 2 is an odd number.
: It is not true that 2 is an odd number.
: 2 is an even number.
Conjunction | Definition
The conjunction of propositions p and q is denoted by:
Reminder:

: (p and q) Conjunctions do not

always use ‘and’.
Words like ‘but’ , ‘even
And is defined through the truth table: though’ , ‘yet’ , and
‘while’ are also used to
flag conjunctions
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
Conjunction | Examples
Let p and q be the following propositions:
Today is Friday.
Tomorrow is Saturday
Express the following conjunctions as English sentences or in symbols.
1.
Today is Friday and tomorrow is Saturday.
2.
Today is Friday and tomorrow is not Saturday.
3. Today is not Friday and tomorrow is not Saturday.
Conjunction | Examples
Let p and q be the following propositions:
He has green thumb.

Express the following conjunctions as English sentences or in symbols.

1.
He has green thumb and .
2.
He has green thumb and .
3. He does not have green thumb and .
Disjunction | Definition
 The disjunction of propositions p and q is denoted by

(p or q)

And is defined through the truth table:

T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
Disjunction | Examples
Let p, q, and r be the following propositions:
Victor has a date with Liza.
Janree is sleeping.
Eumee is eating.
Express the following conjunctions as English sentences or in symbols.
1.
Victor has a date with Liza or Janree is sleeping.
2.
Janree is sleeping or Eumee is not eating.
Disjunction | Examples
Let p, q, and r be the following propositions:
Victor has a date with Liza.
Janree is sleeping.
Eumee is eating.
Express the following conjunctions as English sentences or in symbols.
3.
Either Victor has a date with Liza, or Janree is sleeping or Eumee is eating.
4. Either Victor has a date with Liza and Janree is sleeping, or Eumee is eating.
Conditional | Definition
 The conditional of propositions p and q is denoted by

(If p, then q)
And is defined through the table:

T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

The conditional may also be read as ‘p implies q’. The proposition p is called
the hypothesis, while the proposition q is called the conclusion.
Conditional | Example
Suppose that Geebee is a Grade 11 student. Identify the truth value of the
following conditionals:

If Geebee is in Grade 11, then she is a senior high school student.

TRUE
If Geebee is in Grade 11, then she is working as a lawyer.
FALSE
If Geebee has a degree in Computer Science, then she believes in true love.
TRUE
Conditional | Example
Identify the truth value of the following conditionals:

If then there are more than 100 million Filipinos.

TRUE
If then there are only 5 languages spoken in the Philippines.
FALSE
If then it’s more fun in the Philippines.
TRUE
Biconditional | Definition
 The biconditional of propositions p and q is denoted by

(p if and only if q)
And is defined through the table:

T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T

The proposition may also be written as . The propositions p and q are

components of the biconditional.
Biconditional | Example
Suppose that Geebee is a Grade 11 student. Identify the truth value of the
following biconditionals:

Geebee is in Grade 11 if and only if she is a senior high school student.

TRUE
Geebee is in Grade 11 if and only if she is working as a lawyer.
FALSE
If Geebee has a degree in Computer Science, then she believes in true love.
TRUE or FALSE
MORE EXAMPLES
 Express the following propositions in words where:

Neil is a big eater.

Len has a big voice.
Jeric likes to travel.
Lemy likes violet.
1.
Neil is a big eater and Len has a small voice.
Neil is a big eater but Len has a small voice.
Neil is a big eater yet Len has a small voice.
Neil is a big eater while Len has a small voice.
MORE EXAMPLES
 Express the following propositions in words where:

Neil is a big eater.

Len has a big voice.
Jeric likes to travel.
Lemy likes violet.
2.
It is not true that Len has a big voice or Jeric likes to travel.
3.
It is not true that if Len has a big voice, then Jeric likes to travel.
MORE EXAMPLES
 Express the following propositions in words where:

Neil is a big eater.

Len has a big voice.
Jeric likes to travel.
Lemy likes violet.
4.
Neil is a big eater if and only if Neil is not a big eater.
Neil is a big eater if and only if Neil is a small eater.
5.
Either Neil is not a big eater or Lemy likes violet, and Jeric likes to
travel.