NANOTECHNOLOGY
TOPICS
Introduction
Definition
History
Tools & Technology
Carbon Nanotubes
Nanorods (Quantum Dots)
Nanobots
Applications
Nanotechnology in Drugs (Cancer)
Nanotechnology in Fabrics
Nanotechnology in Mobile
Nanotechnology in Electronics
Nanotechnology in Computers
Nanotechnology in India
Pitfalls of Nanotechnology
Possibilities in Future
NANO & TECHNOLOGY
oA Nanometer is a unit of length in the metric system
equal to one billionth of a meter (10^-9)
oTechnology is the making usage and knowledge of
tools machines and techniques in order to solve a
problem or perform a specific function.
D E F I N AT I O N
o Nanotechnology is a study of
manipulating matter on an atomic scale
o nanotechnology refers to the
construction and engineering of the
functional system at various micro level
or we can say at atomic level
o a nanometre is one billionth of a metre
roughly the width of 3 or 4 atoms the
average human hair is about 25,000
nanometre wide
H I STO RY
o The first ever concept was presented in
1959 by the famous professor of physics
Dr. Richard P.Feynman
o Invention of the scanning tunnelling
microscope in 1981 and the discovery of
Fullerene (C60} in 1985 led to the
emergence of nanotechnology
o The term “Nano-Technology” had been
coined by Norio Taniguchi in 1974
TOOLS &TECHNOLOGY
o There are several important modern developments
The atomic force microscope (AFM}
The scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) are
scanning probes that launched nanotechnology
o various techniques of nanolithography such as:
Optical lithography
X-ray lithography
Dip pen nanolithography
Electron beam lithography where also developed
Lithography in MEMS context is typically the transfer of a
pattern into a photosensitive material by selective exposure to
a radiation source such as light
CARBON NANOTUBES
o Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical
nanostructure
o They have length-to-diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1
o Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural family. Their
name is derived from their long, hollow structure with the walls
formed by one-atom- thick sheets of carbon, called graphene.
PROPERTIES:
o Highest strength to weight ratio, helps in creating light weight
spacecrafts
o Easily penetrate membranes such as cell walls. Helps in cancer
treatment.
o Electrical resistance changes significantly when other molecules
attach themselves to the carbon atoms. Helps in developing
sensors that can detect chemical vapours
APPLICATIONS
o Easton-Bell Sports, Inc. using CNT in making
bicycle component.
o Zyvex Technologies using CNT for
manufacturing of light weight boats.
o Replacing transistors from the silicon chips as
they are small and emits less heat.
o In electric cables and wires
o In solar cells
o In fabrics
NANORODS(QUANTUM DOTS)
o Nanorods are one morphology of nanoscale objects.
o Dimensions range from 1-100 nm.
o They may be synthesized from metals or semiconducting materials.
o A combination of ligands act as shape control agents and bond to
different facets of the nanorod with different strengths. This allows
different faces of the nanorod to grow at different rates, producing an
elongated object.
USES:
o In display technologies, because the reflectivity of the rods can be
changed by changing their orientation with an applied electric field.
o In microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).
o In cancer therapeutics
NANOBOTS
o Close to the scale of 10^9
o Largely in R&D phase
o Nanobots of 1.5 nanometers across, capable of counting
specific molecules in a chemical sample
o Since nanobots would be microscope in size , it would
probably be necessary for very large numbers of them to
work together to perform microscope and microscopic tasks
o Capable of replication using environmental resources
o APPLICATIONS
o Detection of toxic components in environment.
o In drug delivery
o Biomedical instrument
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN DRUGS (CANCER)
Provide new options for drug delivery and drug
therapies.
Enable drugs to be delivered to precisely the right
location in the body and release drug doses on a
predetermined schedule for optimal treatment.
Attach the drug to a nanosized carrier.
They become localized at the disease site, i.e cancer
tumour.
o Then they release medicine that kills the tumour.
o Current treatment is through radiotherapy
chemotherapy.
Nanobots can clear the blockage in arteries.
N A N O T E C H N O L O G Y I N FA B R I C S
The properties of familiar materials are
being changed by manufacturers who are
adding nano-sized components to
conventional materials to improve
performance.
For example, some clothing manufacturers
are making water and stain repellent
clothing using nano- sized whiskers in the
fabric that cause water to bead up on the
surface.
o In manufacturing bullet proof jackets.
o Making spill & dirt resistant,
antimicrobial, antibacterial fabrics.
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MOBILE
o Morph, a nanotechnology concept device developed by Nokia
Research Center (NRC) and the University of Cambridge
(UK).
o The Morph will be super hydrophobic making it extremely
dirt repellent.
o It will be able to charge itself from available light sources
using photovoltaic nanowire grass covering it’s surface.
o Nanoscale electronics also allow stretching. Nokia envisage
that a nanoscale mesh of fibers will allow our mobile devices
to be bent, stretched and folded into any number of
conceivable shapes.
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS
Electrodes made from nanowires enable flat
panel displays to be flexible as well as thinner
than current flat panel displays.
Nanolithography fabrication of chips. Is used
for
The transistors are made of nanowires, that are
assembled on glass or thin films of flexible
plastic.
o E-paper, displays on sunglasses and map on
car windshields transistor
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN COMPUTERS
The silicon transistors in your computer may be
replaced by transistors based on carbon nanotubes.
A carbon nanotube is a molecule in form of a hollow
cylinder with a diameter of around a nanometer which
consists of pure carbon.
Nanorods is a upcoming technology in the displays
techniques due to less consumption of electricity and
less heat emission.
Size of the microprocessors are reduced to greater
extend.
o Researchers at North Carolina State University says
that growing arrays of magnetic nanoparticles, called
nanodots.
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN INDIA
IIT Mumbai is the premier organization in the field of nanotechnology.
Research in the field of health, environment, medicines are still on.
Starting in 2001 the Government of India launched the Nano Science and Technology Initiative (NSTI).
Then in 2007 the Nanoscience and Technology Mission 2007 was initiated with an allocation of Rupees 1000 crores
for a period of five years.
o The main objectives of the Nano Mission are:
i. basic research promotion,
ii. infrastructure development for carrying out front-ranking research,
iii. development of nano technologies and their applications,
iv. human resource development and-
v. international collaborations.
P I T FA L L S O F N A N O T E C H N O L O G Y
o Nano-particles can get into the body through the skin, lungs and digestive
system, thus creating free radicals that can cause cell damage.
o Once nano-particles are in the bloodstream, they will be able to cross the
blood-brain barrier
o The most dangerous Nano-application use for military purposes is the
Nano-bomb that contain engineered self multiplying deadly viruses that
can continue to wipe out a community, country or even a civilization.
o Nanobots because of their replicating behavior can be big threat for
GRAY GOO.
POSSIBILITIES IN FUTURE
o Nanotechnology may make it possible to manufacture lighter, stronger, and programmable
materials that
o require less energy to produce than conventional material
o and that promise greater fuel efficiency in land transportation, ships, aircraft, and space vehicles.
o The future of nanotechnology could very well include the use of nanorobotics.
o These nanorobots have the potential to take on human tasks as well as tasks that humans could
never complete. The rebuilding of the depleted ozone layer could potentially be able to be
performed.
THANK YOU
