Chapter 12 Applets and

Advanced GUI
 The Applet Class
 The <applet> HTML Tag
 Passing Parameters to Applets
 Conversions Between Applications and Applets
 Running a Program as an Applet and as an Application
 Handling the Mouse Event
 Handling the Keyboard Event
 Model dynamic behavior using sequence diagrams and
statecharts diagrams
 Advanced Layout (CardLayout and GridBagLayout and
using No Layout Manager) (Optional)
 The Applet Class
public class MyApplet extends JApplet {
public void init() {
... }
public void start() {
... }
public void stop() {
... }
public void destroy() {
... }
//your other methods
}
Browser Calling Applet Methods
 The init() Method
Invoked when the applet is first loaded and again
if the applet is reloaded.

Common functions implemented in this method

include creating threads, loading images, setting
up user-interface components, and getting
parameters from the <applet> tag in the
HTML page.
 The start() Method
Invoked after the init() method is executed; also
called whenever the applet becomes active again after a
period of inactivity (for example, when the user returns
to the page containing the applet after surfing other
Web pages).

Functionality might include restarting threads

(for example, to resume an animation) or
simply telling the applet to run again.
 The stop() Method
The opposite of the start() method, which is
called when the user moves back to the page
containing the applet; the stop() method is
invoked when the user moves off the page.

When the user leaves the page, any threads the

applet has started—but not completed—will
continue to run.
 The destroy() Method
Invoked when the browser exits normally to
inform the applet that it is no longer needed and
that it should release any resources it has allocated.

Usually, you will not need to override this method

unless you need to release specific resources, such
as threads that the applet created.
 Example 12.1 Using Applets
Objective: Compute
mortgages. The applet
enables the user to enter
the annual interest rate,
the number of years, and
the loan amount. Click
the Compute Mortgage
button, and the applet
displays the monthly
payment and the total
payment.

MortgageApplet Run Applet Viewer

 Writing Applets
 Always extends the JApplet class, which is a
subclass of Applet for Swing components.
 Override init(), start(), stop(), and
destroy() if necessary. By default, these
methods are empty.
 Add your own methods and data if necessary.
 Applets are always embedded in an
HTML page.
 The <applet> HTML Tag
<applet
code=classfilename.class
width=applet_viewing_width_in_pixels
height=applet_viewing_height_in_pixels
[archive=archivefile]
[codebase=applet_url]
[vspace=vertical_margin]
[hspace=horizontal_margin]
[align=applet_alignment]
[alt=alternative_text]
>
<param name=param_name1
value=param_value1>
</applet>
Running Applets in Java Plug-In
(optional)
Why to Use Java Plug-In?

Java Plug-in enables Web browsers to

run Java applets consistently on all the
platforms.
 How to Use Java Plug-In
(optional)
 Convert the HTML file to a new HTML file
using the HTMLConverter Utility. The new
HTML file contains the tags for invoking the
Java Plug-In.

 If the Plug-In is not installed, the new

HTML file automatically downloads it from
the Sun JavaSoft Web site.
Passing Parameters to Applets
<applet
code = "DisplayMessage.class"
width = 200
height = 50>
<param name=MESSAGE value="Welcome
to Java">
<param name=X value=20>
<param name=Y value=20>
alt="You must have a Java-enabled
browser to view the applet"
</applet>
 Example 12.2 Passing Parameters
to Java Applets
Objective: Display a
message at a
specified location.
The message and the
location (x, y) are
obtained from the
HTML source.

DisplayMessage Run Applet Viewer

 Applications vs. Applets
 Similarities
– Since they both are subclasses of the Container class, all
the user interface components, layout managers, and
event-handling features are the same for both classes.
 Differences
– Applications are invoked by the Java interpreter, and
applets are invoked by the Web browser.
– Applets have security restrictions
– Web browser creates graphical environment for applets,
GUI applications are placed in a frame.
 Security Restrictions on Applets
 Applets are not allowed to read from, or write to,
the file system of the computer viewing the
applets.
 Applets are not allowed to run any programs on
the browser’s computer.
 Applets are not allowed to establish connections
between the user’s computer and another
computer except with the server where
the applets are stored.
 Conversions Between
Applications and Applets
 Conversions between applications and applets are
simple and easy.
 You can always convert an applet into an
application.
 You can convert an application to an
applet as long as security restrictions are
not violated.
 Example 12.3
Running a Program as an Applet
and as an Application
 Objective: Modify MortgageApplet to enable it
to run both as an applet and as an application.

DisplayMessageApp

Run as Application Run as Applet

 Handling Mouse Events
 Java provides two listener interfaces,
MouseListener and MouseMotionListener, to
handle mouse events.
 The MouseListener listens for actions such as
when the mouse is pressed, released, entered, exited,
or clicked.
 The MouseMotionListener listens for
actions such as dragging or moving the
mouse.
 Example 12.4
Moving Message Using Mouse
Objective: Create a
program to display a
message in a panel.
You can use the
mouse to move the
message. The
message moves as
the mouse drags and
is always displayed
at the mouse point.
MoveMessageDemo Run as Application Run as Applet
 Example 12.5
Handling Complex Mouse Events
Objective: Create a
program for drawing
using a mouse. Draw
by dragging with the
left mouse button
pressed; erase by
dragging with the
right button pressed.

ScribbleDemo Run as Application Run as Applet

 Handling Keyboard Events
To process a keyboard event, use the following
handlers in the KeyListener interface:
 keyPressed(KeyEvent e)
Called when a key is pressed.
 keyReleased(KeyEvent e)
Called when a key is released.
 keyTyped(KeyEvent e)
Called when a key is pressed and then
released.
 The KeyEvent Class
 Methods:
getKeyChar() method
getKeyCode() method

 Keys:
Home VK_HOME
End VK_End
Page Up VK_PGUP
Page Down VK_PGDN
etc...
 Example 12.6
Keyboard Events Demo
Objective: Display
a user-input
character. The user
can also move the
character up,
down, left, and
right using the
arrow keys.

KeyboardEventDemo Run as Application Run as Applet

 Sequence diagrams
Sequence diagrams describe interactions among
objects by depicting the time ordering of method
invocations.

Class role anObject: TheClass anotherObject: TheOtherClass

Method Invocation
aMethod()

Activation

anotherMethod()
Method Invocation
 Sequence diagrams, cont.

: ButtonDemo messagePanel: MessagePanel

setXCoordinate

repaint
 Statechart diagrams
Statechart diagrams describe flow of control of
the object.

Indicate
Initial State

State1

Transition

State2
Statechart diagrams, cont.

init()

Initialized
start() stop()
stop()
Started Stopped
start()
destroy()
Destroyed
 Example 12.7
The TicTacToe Game
JApplet JPanel MouseListener
-char token -char token -char token

+getToken 1 9
+getToken +getToken
TicTacToe Cell
+setToken +setToken +setToken
+paintComponet +paintComponet +paintComponet
-whoseTurn: char -token: char
+mouseClicked +mouseClicked +mouseClicked
-cell Cell[][] = new Cell[3][3]
-JLabel jlblStatus: JLabel +getToken():char
+setToken(token: char): void
+init(): void +paintComponet(g: Graphics): void
+isFull(): boolean +mouseClicked(e: MouseEvent): void
+isWon(): boolean
 Example 12.7, cont.

TicTacToe Run as Application Run as Applet

 Advanced Layout
(Optional from here on)

 CardLayout
 GridBagLayout
 Using No Layout Manager
Event Adapters (Optional)
 Event Adapters (Optional)

 Standard adapters
 Anonymous adapters
 CardLayout (Optional from here on)

 The CardLayout manager arranges components

in a queue of cards. You can only see one card at
a time. To construct a CardLayout, simply use
the constructor CardLayout().

 To add a component in the CardLayout container,

use the following method:
void add(Component com,
String name)
CardLayout View Components
 void first(container)
 void last(container)
 void next(container)
 void previous(container)
 void show(Container, String name)
 Example 12.10
Testing CardLayout Manager
Objective: Create two
panels in a frame. The
first panel holds named
components. The
second panel uses
buttons and a choice
box to control which
component is shown.

ShowCardLayout Run
 GridBagLayout
The GridBagLayout manager is the most
flexible and the most complex. It is similar to the
GridLayout manager in the sense that both
layout managers arrange components in a grid.
The components can vary in size, however, and
can be added in any order in GridBagLayout.
 Example 12.11: Using
GridBagLayout Manager

ShowGridBagLayout Run
 Using No Layout Manager
You can place components in a container
without using any layout manager. In this
case, the component must be placed using
the component’s instance method
setBounds().
 Example 12.12: Using No
Layout Manager
This example
shows a program
that places the same
components in the
same layout as in
the preceding
example, but
without using a
layout manager.
ShowNoLayout Run