THEORIES ON
THE ORIGIN OF
THE UNIVERSE
Learning Targets
• I can state the different hypotheses
and theories explaining the origin
of the universe.
1.) The most
acceptable
theory about the
beginning of the
universe is the
big bang theory.
2.) The
subsystems that
make up Earth
are known as
crust, mantle,
and core.
3.) Rocks are
classified base
on where they
are found.
4.) All
rocks have
minerals.
5.) Endogenic
processes refer to the
conditions/movements
that shape Earth that
occur under the crust.
6.) The heat from
Earth affects the
crust due to the
condition known
as conduction
current.
7.) The two
main
classifications of
metamorphic
rocks are
intrusive and
extrusive
8.) Crystals
are bigger if
they are
cooled
slowly.
9.) Plate tectonics,
seafloor spreading,
and continental drift
are all one and the
same.
10.) The three
types of plate
boundaries are
oceanic-oceanic,
oceanic-
continental, and
continental-
continental.
11.) An area that
is used to be
covered with
water has an
abundant rock
type of
sedimentary.
12.) The youngest
rock is believed to
be the one found
at the bottom
13.)
Continental
crusts are
denser than
oceanic crusts.
14.) Relative dating
gives a more
accurate age of
rocks compared to
absolute dating.
15.) Earth is
believed to be
4.6-billion-
year-old.
ANSWERS:
a. Baryonic matter - "ordinary" matter
consisting of protons, electrons, and neutrons
that comprises atoms, planets, stars, galaxies,
and other bodies
b. Dark matter - matter that
has gravity but does not emit
light.
c. Dark Energy - a source of
antigravity; a force that
counteracts gravity and causes the
universe to expand.
d. Protostar - an early stage in the
formation of a star resulting from the
gravitational collapse of gases.
e. Thermonuclear reaction - a nuclear
fusion reaction responsible for the energy
produced by stars.
f. Main Sequence Stars - stars that fuse hydrogen atoms
to form helium atoms in their cores; outward pressure
resulting from nuclear fusion is balanced by gravitational
forces.
g. Light years - the distance light can travel
in a year; a unit of length used to measure
astronomical distance
Cosmology
Understanding of the origin,
evolution, structure, and fate of the
universe.
Universe is at least 13.8 billion
of years old and the Earth/Solar
System at least 4.5-4.6 billions
of years old. But how large
exactly is a billion?
STRUCTURE,
COMPOSITION,
AND AGE OF
THE UNIVERSE
The universe as we currently know comprises
all space and time, and all matter and energy in
it.
It is made of 4.6% baryonic matter (“ordinary”
matter consisting of protons, electrons, and
neutrons: atoms, planets, stars, galaxies,
nebulae, and other bodies), 24% cold dark
matter (matter that has gravity but does not
emit light), and 71.4% dark energy (a source of
anti-gravity).
Dark matter can
explain what may be
holding galaxies
together for the reason
that the low total mass
is insufficient for
gravity alone to do so
while dark energy can
explain the observed
accelerating expansion
of the universe.
Stars - the building block of galaxies-are
born out of clouds of gas and dust in
galaxies. Instabilities within the clouds
eventually results into gravitational
collapse, rotation, heating up, and
transformation into a protostar-the hot core
of a future star as thermonuclear reactions
set in.
Stellar interiors are like furnaces where
elements are synthesized or
combined/fused together. Most stars
such as the Sun belong to the so-called
“main sequence stars.” In the cores of
such stars, hydrogen atoms are fused
through thermonuclear reactions to
make helium atoms. Massive main
sequence stars burn up their hydrogen
faster than smaller stars. Stars like our
Sun burnup hydrogen in about 10
billion years.
Birth, evolution,
death, and rebirth of
stars
The remaining dust
and gas may end up
as they are or as
planets, asteroids,
or other bodies in
the accompanying
planetary system.
Birth, evolution,
death, and rebirth of
stars
A galaxy is a cluster
of billions of stars and
clusters of galaxies
form superclusters. In
between the clusters
is practically an
empty space.
Birth, evolution,
death, and rebirth of
stars
Based on recent data,
the universe is 13.8
billion years old. The
diameter of the universe
is possibly infinite but
should be at least 91
billion light-years.
Birth, evolution,
death, and rebirth of
stars
A galaxy is a cluster
of billions of stars and
clusters of galaxies
form superclusters. In
between the clusters
is practically an
empty space.
Birth, evolution,
death, and rebirth of
stars
(1 light-year = 9.4607 ×
1012 km).
Its density is 4.5 x 10-31
g/cm3 .
1. STOIC THEORY
2. CREATION THEORY
3. BIG BANG THEORY
4. STEADY-STATE THEORY
5. MULTIVERSE THEORY
6. OSCILLATING THEORY
DOES ANYBODY IN
THE CLASS HAVE
THOUGHT ABOUT
THE ORIGINS OF THE
UNIVERSE?
THEORY OF CREATION
WHAT IS THEORY OF CREATION
The Creation Theory particularly the Biblical
creation was based on the Bible as described
in Genesis where it is believed that God
created the universe and everything in it.
Based on this theory the Creator did not need
matter, large amounts of time, energy, or
anything else. He created the universe out of
nothing in a span of only six days.
WHAT IS THEORY OF CREATION
This theory opposes the belief that
the world just happened through
an extended, naturalistic, and
chance process over many billions
of years.
BIG BANG THEORY
BIG BANG THEORY STATE?
The Big Bang theory explains how the
cosmos expanded from a highly dense
and hot starting condition. It is the most
popular cosmological theory that
describes how the universe has changed
over time, from the earliest known eras to
its later large-scale shape.
WHAT DOES THE BIG BANG
THEORY STATE?
The Big Bang Theory states that the
universe began to cool down
sufficiently in order to allow the
formation of particles that would later
become atoms after its initial phase of
expansion. Primordial elements –
Hydrogen, Helium, and Lithium –
condensed through gravity that
formed early stars and galaxies
EXPANDING
UNIVERSE
✓In 1929, Edwin Hubble
announced his significant
discovery of the “redshift” and
its interpretation that galaxies
are moving away from each
other, hence as evidence for an
expanding universe, just as
predicted by Einstein’s Theory
of General Relativity.
✓He observed that spectral lines
of starlight made to pass
through a prism are shifted
toward the red part of the
electromagnetic spectrum, i.e.,
toward the band of lower
frequency; thus, the inference
that the star or galaxy must be
moving away from us.
Georges Lemaître
The Big Bang theory proposes that at
a specific instant in time, a single
particle exploded, starting the
expansion of the observable
universe. Belgian cosmologist,
Catholic priest, and father of the Big
Bang theory Georges Lemaître
(1894–1966).
STEADY STATE THEORY
STEADY STATE THEORY
Elegant alterative to big bang theory
describes the origin of the universe
and its ultimate fate.
Very popular in 1950’s
But is now obsolete.
WHO PROPOSED THE STEADY
STATE THEORY?
Sir Hermann Bondi
Thomas Gold Fred Hoyle
STEADY STATE THEORY
Steady-State Theory, in cosmology, a view that the
universe is always expanding but maintaining a
constant average density, with matter being
continuously created to form new stars and
galaxies at the same rate that old ones become
unobservable as a consequence of their increasing
distance and velocity of recession.
OSCILLATING THEORY
does anybody know
who he is?
Richard C. Tolman
American physicist (1881-1948)
was an American who made
numerous contributions to
statistical mechanics. He was
also a physical chemist,
mathematician, and physicist.
WHAT IS OSCILLATING THEORY?
There are numerous ideas explaining how
the universe came into being, including the
BIG CRUNCH and the most well-known
theory, the BIG BANG. But There is one
theory the oscillation theory.
WHAT IS OSCILLATING THEORY?
According to this theory, our universe is the
final one to have emerged from a series of
explosions (the Big Bang) and collisions (Big
Crunch). There is a theory that Big Bangs
follow Big Crunches in an endless cycle.
Unsteady Universe
STOIC THEORY
STOIC THEORY
The nature of the world is one of
unceasing change, driven by the
active part or reason (logos) of
God which pervades all things.
ZENO CITIUM
The founder of stoicism
STOICISM
The philosophy known as Stoicism,
whose teachings of virtue, tolerance,
and self-control have inspired
generations of thinkers and leaders.
The name Stoicism comes from the
Stoa Poikile, the decorated public
colonnade where Zeno and his disciples
gathered for discussion.
STOICISM
The Stoics believed that
everything around us operates
according to a web of cause and
effect, resulting in a rational
structure of the universe, which
they called logos.
MULTIVERSE
Andrei Linde
developed a theory
explaining that the universe
is just one of many bubbles
in the multiverse.
Why is the Big Bang
Theory, the most
accepted theory on
the origin of the
universe?
