HE5213 PEST & VECTOR MANAGEMENT
Most effective
pesticides in :
Pest Control, Application & Cost – effectiveness.
Table of contents
01 02 03
Introduction Effective Pest Effective Pesticides in
Control Application
04 05 06
06
Cost - Effectiveness Conclusion References
01
What are
PESTS &
PESTICIDES?
PESTS & PESTICIDES
PESTS PESTICIDES
A pest is any organism that can disperse Pesticides are substances used to prevent,
diseases, cause damage and annoyance to people. destroy, repel or lessen damages caused by pests.
The list of pest includes rats, flies , cockroaches Usually of chemical, biological, antimicrobial
etc. and even disinfectant origin where usually
chemical pesticides are poisonous to humans and
animals.
Pesticides can also be considered as:
Biodegradable - The biodegradable kind is those
which can be broken down by microbes and
other living beings into harmless compounds.
Persistent: The persistent ones are those which
may take months or years to break down.
TYPES OF PESTICIDES USED IN
AGRICULTURE
ORGANIC PESTICIDES
ADVANTAGES
Pesticides are usually used to minimize impacts caused by pests. Other than this, some of the
advantages includes:
• Pesticides help in an abundant harvest.
• It helps keep food affordable.
• Pesticides help to prevent insects and waterborne transmission diseases.
• Pesticides help farmers to grow more crops in the same or less land
• Pesticides helped in making it easy to remove weeds or prevent pests without hardship
• It helped globally to increase the economical growth of a country.
• It helps to protect the storage.
• Pesticides help in preventing insects, rodents, and viruses at home, offices, etc.
DISADVANTAGES
However, although there are many benefits of using pesticides, there are also a number of
downsides of it, such as:
• Impact on human health
• Negative effect on other life species
• Environmental pollution
• Genetic defects
• Affect in pollination
02
Type of
effective
pesticides
EFFECTIVE PESTICIDES
No. Name Description
• Widely used and acaricide that is effective against a wide range
of pests, including mites, aphids, etc.
• Derived from the soil bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and is
1 Abamectin a member of the avermectin family of compounds.
• Interferes with the nervous system of insects and mites,
resulting in paralysis and death.
• Typically used in spray or bait formulations.
• A broad-spectrum insecticide that is commonly used in pest
control.
• Belongs to a class of chemicals called phenylpyrazoles and is
2 Fipronil effective against a wide range of pests.
• Disrupts the nervous system of insects, leading to paralysis and
death.
• Typically used in bait formulations.
EFFECTIVE PESTICIDES
No. Name Description
• Commonly used insecticide used for controlling a variety of ant
species.
• Belongs to a class of chemicals called chloronicotinyls and is
3 Hydramethylnon known for its slow-acting and non-repellent properties.
• Disrupts the insects’ metabolism, then eventually dies.
• Typically used in bait formulations and contain a lethal dose of
the chemical.
• A group of insecticides that are widely used for pest control.
• Pyrethrins are natural insecticides derived from the
chrysanthemum flower, while pyrethroids are synthetic versions
Pyrethrins &
4 of pyrethrins that are more stable and long-lasting.
Pyrethroids
• Disrupts the nervous system of insects, leading to paralysis and
death.
• Typically used in spray formulations.
EFFECTIVE PESTICIDES
No. Name Description
• Commonly used insecticide and pest control agent that is
effective against a variety of insects, including ants, cockroaches,
and termites.
5 Boric Acid • A naturally occurring compound that is derived from boron, a
mineral found in rocks and soils.
• Disrupts the insects’ metabolism, then eventually dies.
• Typically used in powder or dust formulations.
• A group of insecticides that are widely used for pest control.
• Inhibits the enzyme activity that is important for nervous
system function in insects, leading to paralysis and death.
6 Carbamates
• Effective against a wide range of pests, including insects, mites,
and ticks.
• Typically used in spray or dust formulations.
EFFECTIVE PESTICIDES
No. Name Description
• Belongs to the pyrethroid family of chemicals.
• Effective against a wide range of pests.
• Disrupts the nervous system of insects, leading to paralysis and
7 Cyfluthrin death.
• Typically used in spray or bait formulations.
• Can quickly tackle pest populations and provide rapid relief
from infestations.
• Widely used in both residential and agricultural settings.
• Effective against a wide range of pests, including termites, ants,
cockroaches, and mosquitoes.
8 Bifenthrin • Interferes the insects’ nervous system, leading to paralysis and
death.
• Typically used in spray formulations and baits (for termites).
• Long-lasting.
EFFECTIVE PESTICIDES
No. Name Description
• A commonly used synthetic pyrethroid insecticide in both
residential and agricultural settings.
• Effective against a wide range of pests, including mosquitoes,
termites, ants, and cockroaches.
9 Deltamethrin
• Disrupts insects’ nervous system, cause paralysis and death.
• Used in spray or bait formulations and in the treatment of
agricultural crops.
• Long – lasting.
• Work by disrupting the normal development of insects.
• Can either be synthetic or naturally occurring compounds that
mimic the action of insect hormones, which regulate growth and
Insect Growth
10 development.
Regulator (IGR)
• Interferes with the normal development of immature stages of
insects, such as eggs, larvae, and pupae and lead to reduced egg
production, sterilization, or death of the insect.
EFFECTIVE PESTICIDES
No. Name Description
• Natural insecticide derived from the flowers of certain species of
chrysanthemum plants.
• Has been used for centuries to control a wide variety of pests.
• Attacks insects’ nervous system, leading to paralysis and death.
11 Pyrethrum
• Fast-acting; rapid knockdown of pests upon contact.
• Available in a variety of formulations, including sprays, dusts, and
aerosols. It can also be used as a fumigant and is sometimes added to
other insecticides to enhance their effectiveness.
EFFECTIVE PESTICIDES
No. Name Description
• Commonly used synergist chemical together with other insecticides.
• Inhibits insects’ enzyme activity that break down insecticides, making
them more effective.
12 Piperonyl Butoxide • Often used in combination with pyrethroids to enhance effectivity.
• Does not have insecticidal activity on its own, but when used in
combination with other insecticides, it can improve their efficacy by up to
ten-fold.
03
Effective
Pesticides in
Application
PESTICIDES APPLICATION
(Introduction Pesticide Application Techniques – NIPHM, n.d.)
Plays an important role in pest management.
Effectivity of pest control operations depends on proper pesticide application technique/methods.
Objective of pesticide application is to control the pest population and protect non-targets from harm.
The pest population must be kept as low as possible to prevent any potential public health issues and
financial loss.
PESTICIDES APPLICATION METHOD
(AET 201, 2012) (Canada, Pesticide Application Methods and Areas of Use 2009)
Pesticides will only have the desired effect if they are applied methodically and at the appropriate times.
The type of pesticide, its formulation, the pests to be controlled, the accessibility of water, etc. all affect the
application method.
Spraying & Granular
Dusting
Fogging Application
Baiting Fumigation Chemigation
PESTICIDES FORMULATIONS
(US EPA, AP-42, CH 9.2.2: Pesticide application - US EPA n.d.)
(Government of Canada, Pesticides - general 2023)
To suit both user preferences for application methods (or equipment availability) and pest
control demands, pesticide manufacturers have created a variety of AI formulations.
Pesticide formulations are made up of one or more active ingredients (i.e.) that control pests
and multiple inert ingredients.
Pesticides come in liquid, solid, and gaseous formulations.
Liquid formulations include suspensions (flowable), solutions, emulsifiable concentrates, and
aerosols.
Solid formulations include dusts, particulates, granular, pellets, soluble granules, soluble
powders, baits, tablets, and dry flowable and wettable powders.
Gaseous pesticides are typically fumigants (they can be sold as liquids or gases).
EFFECTIVE PESTICIDES IN APPLICATION
ACCORDING TO VECTORS
Mosquitoes Rodents
Indoor Residual Spraying Repellents and Fumigation
Space Spraying - Fogging Baiting and Dusting
Larvicide (Rodenticides)
Flies Cockroaches
Space Spraying - Fogging Residual Spraying, Baiting and
Larvicide Dusting
EFFECTIVE PESTICIDES IN APPLICATION –
MOSQUITOES
(WHO, Pesticides and their application - world health organization 2006)
APPLICATION METHOD - INDOOR RESIDUAL
SPRAYING.
Application - Hand-operated compression sprayers
fitted with a flat fan nozzle are widely used. Water-
dispersible powders are generally used, because they
are cheaper, and their residual effect is longer.
The effectiveness of spraying depends on adherence to
the criteria specified for the insecticide and the
application procedure.
WHO-recommended insecticides for indoor residual
treatment against mosquito vectors given in Figure 1.
DDT and pyrethroid chemical-type pesticides are the
most effective; more than 6 months and 3 to 6 months,
respectively.
FIGURE
1
EFFECTIVE PESTICIDES IN APPLICATION
– MOSQUITOES
(WHO, Pesticides and their application - world health organization 2006) (Venegas, How effective is mosquito fogging machine: Invatech Italia
2022)
FIGURE APPLICATION METHOD - SPACE SPRAYING
2
(FOGGING).
Application - Should coincide with the peak flying time
of the local vector. Exterior spaces can be treated with
vehicle-mounted fogging equipment or, in limited areas,
with handheld machine (mist blowers).
Insecticides used for cold aerosol or thermal fog
application against mosquitoes is given in Figure 2.
Insecticides such as deltamethrin, permethrin, and
resmethrin, which contain pyrethroid chemicals, are
more effective since they stay in the air longer and are
light-resistant, which means they provide mosquito
control and protection for a longer duration.
Malathion is mostly used in controlling pests and
mosquitoes in agriculture or large-scale fogging.
EFFECTIVE PESTICIDES IN APPLICATION
– MOSQUITOES
(WHO, Pesticides and their application - world health organization 2006)
FIGURE
APPLICATION METHOD – LARVICIDING. 3
Application - Liquid formulations can usually
be applied with the same equipment as used
for indoor residual spraying. In some breeding
sites, application of granular formulations by
hand might be more appropriate.
WHO-recommended compounds and
formulations for control of mosquito larvae is
given in Figure 3.
The two IGRs, pyriproxyfen and
diflubenzuron, had the highest insecticidal
efficacy compared to temephos (abate) and
Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Marcombe,
S. et al., 2018).
EFFECTIVE PESTICIDES IN APPLICATION
– FLIES
(WHO, Pesticides and their application - world health organization 2006)
APPLICATION METHOD – SPACE SPRAYING
FIGURE (FOGGING).
4
Space spraying is the most effective method for rapidly
reducing fly density inside and outside houses.
Application - For indoor treatment, portable cold or thermal
fog generators are used. For outdoor treatment, vehicle-
mounted cold or thermal foggers are most appropriate.
Insecticides used for space spraying for fly control in Figure
3.
Mixtures of pyrethroids synergized with piperonyl butoxide
(Figure 5) used in cold or thermal fog formulations have
been found to be effective for fly control outdoors.
For indoor treatment, water-based or deodorized kerosene
formulations of the less hazardous insecticides are
recommended.
EFFECTIVE PESTICIDES IN APPLICATION
– FLIES
(WHO, Pesticides and their application - world health organization 2006)
FIGURE 5: Pyrethroid mixtures used in cold
and thermal fog formulations for fly control.
EFFECTIVE PESTICIDES IN APPLICATION
– FLIES
(WHO, Pesticides and their application - world health organization 2006)
APPLICATION METHOD - LARVICIDING.
FIGURE
Application - Either hand-operated compression or 6
power-operated sprayers are used to apply larvicides.
Dust and granule formulations can also be used,
particularly for chicken manure.
Commonly used insect growth regulators for housefly
larvicides in Figure 6.
Cyromazine (Neporex, 2-N-cyclopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-
2,4,6-triamine) is effective against larval house flies
when directly applied to maggot-infested habitat at a
higher concentration (Hinkle, N. C. et al., 2021).
Insect growth regulators are preferred for use as
larvicides as they are chemically unrelated to
adulticides.
EFFECTIVE PESTICIDES IN APPLICATION
– RODENTS
(WHO, Pesticides and their application - world health organization 2006)
APPLICATION METHOD – REPELLENTS AND
FUMIGATION
Pesticide repellents containing thiramcycloheximide,
tributyltin salts, and R-55 are effective in keeping
rodents away from specific areas as they are toxic.
Fumigants can be effective in eradicating rat
infestations in small, confined spaces.
The most widely used fumigants are methyl bromide,
chloropicrin, aluminum phosphide (to produce
phosphine), and calcium cyanide (which produces
hydrogen cyanide).
However, application is risky; workers must be well
trained, and applications shouldn't be made close to
homes for people or buildings for animals.
EFFECTIVE PESTICIDES IN APPLICATION
– RODENTS
(WHO, Pesticides and their application - world health organization 2006)
APPLICATION METHOD – BAITING AND DUSTING
(RODENTICIDES).
Acute rodenticides are fast-acting, often a single dose sufficing.
Anticoagulant rodenticides are slow-acting and cause death
due to chronic internal bleeding.
In general, anticoagulant rodenticides are favored because they
are more effective and safer.
List of some fast-acting and anticoagulant rodenticides
commonly used for control of rodents are given in Figure 7.
Warfarin, chlorophacinone, and diphacinone are all multiple-
dose anticoagulants that need rodents to consume repeated
doses of the bait over several days.
Single-dose anticoagulants with a higher level of toxicity
include brodifacoum, bromadiolone, and difethialone, and one
day's feeding can effectively give a toxic dose. FIGURE
7
EFFECTIVE PESTICIDES IN APPLICATION
– COCKROACHES
(WHO, Pesticides and their application - world health organization 2006)
APPLICATION METHOD – RESIDUAL SPRAYING, BAITING AND DUSTING.
Insecticides suitable for cockroach control are listed in Figure 8.
1) Residual spraying
Water-based microencapsulated formulations such as chlorpyrifos, diazinon, fernitrothion, and
cyphenothrin are effective at low doses, have low mammalian toxicity, and have a long residual life.
Pyrethroid aerosols such as cyfluthrin and cyphenothrin can be used before residual spraying in order
to destroy heavy infestations rapidly or to drive cockroaches from protected areas.
2) Baiting
Paintable lacquers and varnishes with residual insecticides, such as 0.5% and 1% cypermethrin, can be
applied to walls and other surfaces. These products may remain effective for several months.
3) Dusting
To treat the inside of hollow walls, cracks, and other inaccessible voids, dust formulations are used.
Boric acid powder is occasionally employed in addition to the dusts shown in Figure 8; it has a low
toxicity to mammals, acts slowly, and is less efficient.
PESTICIDES APPLICATION -
COCKROACH
FIGURE
8
04
Cost-
effectiveness
DDT
• According to World Health Organization, DDT is considerably less expensive than
other insecticides, which cost 2 to 23 times more on the basis of cost per house per 6
months of control.
• Detailed calculations show that DDT is still the least expensive insecticides , although the
price appears to be rising as DDT production declines.
DDT
PYRETHROID
• According to study from University of California, pyrethroid insecticides are cheaper
relative to other insecticides. This help growers remain competitive in the market by
reducing the pest management cost.
• The cost of most pyrethroids is low because these insecticides are now off-patent and
several agro-chemical companies are manufacturing the same active ingredients. The
low cost of the insecticides adds little to the overall pest management cost, which
encourages growers as a preventative tactic.
BORIC ACID
• One of the most inexpensive pesticides and very easy to administer.
• Very effective when administered in small amounts.
• Odorless and stainless which does not give any signal to pests that might signal them
danger.
DELTAMETHRIN
• The use of deltamethrin in IRS (Indoor Residual Spray) is cheaper than when used in
ITN (Insecticide Treated Nets).
• Use of deltamethrin is IRS is 10 times cheaper than the use in ITNs.
PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE
• Very cost-effective compared to non-PBO. However , cost-effectiveness will be lost if the
effectiveness is reduced.
• Efforts to further optimize the effectiveness of PBO-LLINs through the proper usage
would increase the cost-effectiveness of PBO-LLINs.
05
Conclusion
CONCLUSION
• Pesticides are mostly effective in controlling pests.
• Effective types of application in pest control includes fogging, spraying and baiting.
• The most cost-effective pesticide is DDT and PBO-LLNs.
06
References
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