YANET LIYANA COLLEGE OF

HEALTH SCIENCES

MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY GROUP ASSIGNMENT

NO NAME ID

1 TSGEREDA ABEBE 44575

2 TSEGABE AREGAWE 45299

3 HENOK ABERA 99818

4 TAMIRAT KIBIRU

5 AHIMED MUHAMED

6 BIRUKITAWIT FIKADU

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 SUBMITTED TO: Mr. MELKAMU

SUBMISSION DATE: 13/04/2016

1. Pesticides classification and detail on specific pestcides.

INTRODUCTION

What is a Pesticide?

Pesticides are chemical compounds useful in killing pests. Generally, a pesticide is a chemical
compound or even a biological agent such as a bacteria, virus, antimicrobial, or disinfectant that
prevents, incapacitates, or kills pests. The term pesticide includes all of the following: herbicide,
insecticide (which can involve insect growth regulators, termiticides, etc.) nematicide, molluscicide,
pesticide, avicide, rodenticide, bactericide, insect repellent, animal repellent, antimicrobial and
fungicide.

The most popular of these are herbicides, which account for nearly 80% of all pesticide use. Many
pesticides serve as plant protection products (also known as crop protection products) that usually
protects plants from weeds, fungi or insects. As an example-The fungus, Alternaria is used to battle
Aquatic Weed, Salvinia.

Definitions of Pesticides

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has defined pesticide as:

“any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying or controlling any pest,
including vectors of human or animal disease, unwanted species of plants or animals, causing harm
during or otherwise interfering with the production, processing, storage, transport, or marketing of
food, agricultural commodities, wood and wood products or animal feedstuffs, or substances that may
be administered to animals for the control of insects, arachnids, or other pests in or on their bodies”.

classification

Pesticides can be classified based on various factors:

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1. Target Organism
2. Chemical Structure
3. Mode of action
4. Physical State
5. Mode of Entry

3. Mode of action

Pesticides can be classified based on their MoA (Mode of Action) as follows:

 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Inhibitors: These pesticides inhibit the enzyme

acetylcholinesterase, leading to overstimulation and eventual exhaustion of the nervous
system. Examples include carbamates and organophosphates.

 GABA-Gated Chloride Channel Blockers: These pesticides block the GABA-gated chloride
channels, disrupting the normal functioning of the nervous system. Examples include
cyclodiene organochlorines and phenylpyrazoles (Fiproles).

 Sodium Channel Modulators: These pesticides modulate the sodium channels, affecting the
transmission of nerve impulses. Examples include pyrethroids, pyrethrins, DDT, and
methoxychlor.

 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR) Competitive Modulators: These pesticides

competitively modulate the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, disrupting the normal functioning
of the nervous system. Examples include neonicotinoids and nicotine.

Types of Pesticides

Pesticides are also referred to by the type of pest they control. Pesticides can be either biodegradable
pesticides that break down into harmless compounds by bacteria and other living organisms or
persistent/Non-Biodegradable pesticides, which can take months or years to break down.

Classification of pesticides are according to the types of pests they kill

Grouped by the pest types they Kill;

 Insecticides – Insects

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 Herbicide – Plants

 Rodenticides – Rodents (rats & mice)

 Bactericides – Bacteria

 Fungicides – Fungicide

 Larvicides – Larvae

Depending on how biodegradable they are

 Biodegradable Pesticides

Biodegradable pesticides are those that can be broken down into harmless compounds by microbes
and other living organisms within less period of time.

Detail on specific pesticide

1. Glyphosate: is an herbicide. It is applied to the leaves of plants to kill both broadleaf plants and
grasses. The sodium salt form of glyphosate is used to regulate plant growth and ripen specific
crops.

Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides in the United States. People apply it in
agriculture and forestry, on lawns and gardens, and for weeds in industrial areas. Some products
containing glyphosate control aquatic plants.
Glyphosate comes in many forms, including an acid and several salts. These can be either solids or
an amber-colored liquid.
MOA: Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide, meaning it will kill most plants. Glyphosate primarily
works by inhibiting the enzyme EPSP synthase (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase) and
preventing the synthesis of essential aromatic amino acids, ultimately leading to plant death. In
humans, glyphosate does not easily pass through the skin. likely to contribute to the development
of cancer
SAR
- Its core structure containing a phosphonic acid group, crucial for herbicidal activity.
- The presence of a methylphosphonate moiety contributing to EPSP synthase inhibition.
- A glycine backbone resembling the natural substrate of the target enzyme.
- An aromatic ring that may influence stability and enzyme interaction.

Examples: Roundup,Touchdown and Rodeo

2. carbaryl

Carbaryl is a broad-spectrum insecticide that controls over 100 species of insects including
beetles,caterpillars (armyworms) and other chewing and sucking insects on more than 120
different crops including fruit trees, rice, corn, soybean, nut, and vegetable crops. It also controls
Ectoparasites of poultry, livestock, pets, as well as earthworms in grasses (turf).

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Carbaryl products are available over the counter for residential use, mainly in the form of liquids,
sprays, and dusts.

(Mode of Action) Carbaryl kills insects by contact and stomach poisoning. It attacks insects by
disrupting the normal function of their nervous system,Nerves pass along signals to other nerves
using the signaling chemical, acetylcholine. When it reaches its target, it has a stimulating effect on
these nerves. Normally, an enzyme then quickly breaks down this signaling chemical. This allows
nerves to return to rest. Carbaryl prevents this enzyme from working properly, causing paralysis
and death in 24-48 hours.
SAR
- An aromatic ring (phenyl ring) linked to a carbamate functional group, essential for its insecticidal
activity.
- The carbamate group formed by the reaction between an alcohol and an isocyanate.
- Variations in substituents on the phenyl ring that can affect potency or selectivity against specific
insects.
- The influence of stereochemistry, particularly the orientation of substituents around the
carbamate group, on its insecticidal activity.
Example: sevin, Carbaryl Insecticide Products
4. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)
2,4-D is an organic compound with the chemical formula C8H6Cl2O3. It is a systemic herbicide
which selectively kills most broadleaf weeds by causing uncontrolled growth in them, but most
grasses such as cereals, lawn turf, and grassland are relatively unaffected. 2,4-D is one of the oldest
and most widely available herbicides and defoliants in the world.
2,4-D is a chlorophenoxy herbicide. It is a white to yellow powder. 2,4-D is available in numerous
commercial lawn herbicide mixtures. It is widely used as a weedkiller on cereal crops, pastures, and
orchards.

MOA: 2,4-D acts as a plant hormone, causing uncontrolled growth in the meristematic tissues. It
inhibits DNA and protein synthesis and thereby prevents normal plant growth and development.

SAR
- Phenoxyacetic Acid Backbone: 2,4-D belongs to the phenoxyacetic acid family, characterized by its
phenoxyacetic acid structure.

- Chlorine Substitution: It contains chlorine atoms positioned at the 2 and 4 positions of the phenyl
ring, crucial for its herbicidal activity.

- Acetic Acid Moiety: The presence of an acetic acid moiety attached to the phenyl ring contributes
to its herbicidal properties.

- Selective Activity: The specific arrangement and substitutions on the phenyl ring make 2,4-D
selective against broadleaf weeds while being less harmful to grasses and certain other plants.
 Non-Biodegradable Pesticides

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Few pesticides are known as non-biodegradable, also called persistent pesticides. The most long-lived
pesticide materials include aldrin, parathion, DDT, chlordane, and endrin, they take a long period of
time to break down. These pesticides can survive in the soil for over 15 years or more.

Another way of thinking about pesticides is considering the chemical pesticides extracted from a
common source or some production method.

 Chemical pesticides
 Organophosphates

Many organophosphates are insecticides that impact on the nervous system by

compromising the enzyme that regulates the neurotransmitter.

 Carbamate

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Carbamate pesticides affect the nervous system by compromising the enzyme that
regulates the neurotransmitter similar to the organophosphates, but carbamate
enzyme effects are usually reversible.

 Organochlorine Insecticides

This type was common in the early years when pesticides came into the market. Many
countries have banned organochlorine insecticides from their markets because of their
impacts and persistence on health and the environmental factors (e.g., DDT, chlordane
and toxaphene).

 Pyrethroid

There are synthetic variants of pyrethrin, a naturally occurring pesticide present in

chrysanthemums (Flower). Their development is such a way they can maximize their
environmental resilience.

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 Sulfonylurea herbicides

The commercial production of sulfonylureas herbicides was for weed control like
flupyrsulfuron-methyl-sodium, ethoxysulfuron, chlorimuron-ethyl, bensulfuron-methyl,
azimsulfuron, and amidosulfuron, rimsulfuron, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, imazosulfuron,
nicosulfuron, oxasulfuron, nicosulfuron, flazasulfuron, primisulfuron-methyl,
halosulfuron-methyl, pyrithiobac-sodium, cyclosulfamuron, bispyribac-sodium, terbacil,
sulfometuron-methyl Sulfosulfuron.

 Biopesticides

The biopesticides are a type of pesticides obtained from natural resources such as
animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals.

Uses
 Pesticides are useful in controlling organisms that are toxic or harmful to their
environment.
 Herbicides are useful in controlling algae and weeds.
 They are useful in grocery stores and food storage facilities to control rats and
insects infesting on food.
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  They are in use to kill mosquitoes that can spread life-threatening diseases such
as the West Nile virus, yellow fever, and malaria.
 Also, they are useful in the agricultural sector to prevent or kill insects and other
organisms that feed on crops.

2. Diagnostic agents (Radio-opaque agents, classification ...water soluble,,water insoluble,,,drugs for

kidney function test)
INTRODUCTION
 Diagnostic agents are chemical or substances used to detect abnormalities in tissue and
organs or to test on organ function.
 Do not have medicinal & pharmacological effects
 X-ray film used for radiography
1. Angiography-Blood vessels
2. Arthrography-Joints
3, Bronchography-Lungs
4, Cholangiography-Gall bladder and bile duct
5, Hepatography-Liver
6. Lymphography-Lymph nodes & vessels
7 .Myelography-Brain & spinal cord
8,Pyelography-Kidney and ureter
9, Splenohepatography-Liver & spleen
10 Urography-Urinary tract

Radioactive compounds

Used for diagnosis & therapeutics treatment of human diseases

Given by various routes (mouth, injection, eye, bladder) in small amounts

Dosage can variate depend on type of test

• Given under direct supervision of a specialist doctor

• Unit: curie, becquerrels

RADIOLOGICAL CONTRAST MEDIA (RADIO OPAQUE AGENTS)

 Any substance which when administered to a patient improves the visualization of an

organ or tissue is called a contrast media.
 Having property of opacifying X-ray radiations
 Either inorganic as well as organic

Classification
A) Positive contrast media:
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  Having ability to absorb X-rays (eg. Radio opaques)

Subdivided:

 Heavy Metals & their salts (Inorganic)

 it Iodized oils
 in Iodinated organic compounds (Organic)

a) Water soluble contrast media

b) Water insoluble contrast media

B) Negative contrast media:

Transparent to X-rays

Renders the structure of a tissue more translucent

eg. Air, Oxygen, Nitrogen etc.

• Characteristics:

• Adequate radioopacity which require iodine content 50% or more

• High water solubility (40% and above) Low viscosity, no osmotic effect

• Chemical stability Minimum toxicity & patient acceptance

• Readily available & low cost

A) Heavy metals and salts:

High atomic number and radiopaque

example Barium Sulphate (BaSO4)

Low systematic toxicity

Low water solubility

Lack of osmotic activity

-Used for examination of GIT

-Used as suspension or thick cream

-Orally or through rectal route

-sod.citrate is added to stabilize preparation

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-Sorbitol added to enhance function

ii) Metallic salt (Tantalum oxide for Bronchography & esophagography), (calcium tungstate) &
(barium titanate for stomach, small intestine, esophagus)

iii) Ferrites(FeO):

-about 80% opacity than that of BaSO

-contain Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni and Mg

-used for Bronchi, stomach & small intestine studies

B) Iodized oils:
 Preparation: Iodination of vegetable oils with hydroiodic acid give iodized oils
 Iodinated fatty acid derivatives(Yellow to amber colored)
 Decompose on exposure to light and air
 Upon administration liberate inorganic iodine in body which appear in urine
 Used in hepatography, lymphography &hepatospleenography

c) Organic Iodine Compound:

 Most widely used

 Tetra iodo phenolphthalein was 1st agent
 Amount of iodine is important for opacity
Subclassification:

 Water soluble contrast media

 Water insoluble contrast media

a) Water soluble contrast media:

eg. Diatrizoate sodium, Diatrizoate meglumine,Sodium iothalamate, Metrizoic acid, Iodipamide,

Ipodate sodium, Iodohippurate sodium

-Mainly used for urography & angiography

-Administered by retrograde method (i.e. By mechanical means)

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-Mild toxicity

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b) Water insoluble contrast media
eg. Iopanoic acid, Propyliodone, Iophendylate, Iocetamic acid, Iodoxamide

 very slightly water soluble

 mainly used for cholecystography, bronchography and myelography
 patient should not drink or eat before Six hrs.

Sodium salt of substituted triiodo benzoic acid Iodine content: abt 62% Used for
angiography & urography Also available as meglumine salt

 Sodium Iothalamate:

* Structural isomer of diatrizoic acid

* One actamide (CH,CONH-) group replaced by methyl carbamoyl (-CONHCH)group

* Available as meglumine salt

* Used in angiography

* Chem. Name: sodium 3-acetamido-2,4,6-triiodo- 5-(methylcarbamoyl)benzoate

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Diagnostic chemical
a) For kidney function: eg p-amino hippuric acid, Inulin, Phenosulphophthalein

In addition to radio-opaque agents, there are specific drugs used for kidney function testing. These
drugs can help assess the functional capacity of the kidneys or detect abnormalities in renal
function. Some commonly used drugs for kidney function tests include:

1. Inulin: Used to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR), an essential indicator of

kidney function.

2. Creatinine: A waste product of muscle metabolism, creatinine levels in the blood

can be measured to estimate GFR and assess renal function.

3. Cystatin C: A protein produced at a constant rate by all nucleated cells, cystatin C

levels in the blood can be used to estimate GFR and evaluate kidney function.

4. Diuretics: These drugs, such as furosemide or mannitol, can be used to evaluate

renal response to increased urine production.

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b) For liver function:Rose Bengal, Sulphobromophthalein sodium

c) For gastric function: Histamine phosphate, Pentagastrin, Xylose

d) For cardiac function: Evans blue dye

Reference

 https://pesticidefacts.org/topics/necessity-of-pesticides/
 https://www.toppr.com/guides/chemistry/chemistry-in-everyday-life/pesticides/
 https://www.slideshare.net/siddharthadutta8/diagnostic-agents-88993873
 1. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - Pesticides:
https://www.epa.gov/pesticides
 2. World Health Organization (WHO) - Pesticides:
https://www.who.int/topics/pesticides/en/
 Google scholar

THANK YOU
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