The document discusses nanotechnology and provides details on:
1) It defines nanotechnology and describes how properties change at the nanoscale due to higher surface area to volume ratios and quantum effects.
2) It outlines various synthesis methods for nanoparticles including top-down (ball milling, CVD, PVD) and bottom-up (chemical precipitation, combustion, sol-gel) approaches.
3) It discusses characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, and TEM that are used to analyze nanoparticles and determine properties.
4) It provides some examples of applications for nanotechnology like in medicine for targeted drug delivery, and materials for electronics, coatings and consumer products.
The document discusses nanotechnology and provides details on:
1) It defines nanotechnology and describes how properties change at the nanoscale due to higher surface area to volume ratios and quantum effects.
2) It outlines various synthesis methods for nanoparticles including top-down (ball milling, CVD, PVD) and bottom-up (chemical precipitation, combustion, sol-gel) approaches.
3) It discusses characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, and TEM that are used to analyze nanoparticles and determine properties.
4) It provides some examples of applications for nanotechnology like in medicine for targeted drug delivery, and materials for electronics, coatings and consumer products.
The document discusses nanotechnology and provides details on:
1) It defines nanotechnology and describes how properties change at the nanoscale due to higher surface area to volume ratios and quantum effects.
2) It outlines various synthesis methods for nanoparticles including top-down (ball milling, CVD, PVD) and bottom-up (chemical precipitation, combustion, sol-gel) approaches.
3) It discusses characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, and TEM that are used to analyze nanoparticles and determine properties.
4) It provides some examples of applications for nanotechnology like in medicine for targeted drug delivery, and materials for electronics, coatings and consumer products.
The document discusses nanotechnology and provides details on:
1) It defines nanotechnology and describes how properties change at the nanoscale due to higher surface area to volume ratios and quantum effects.
2) It outlines various synthesis methods for nanoparticles including top-down (ball milling, CVD, PVD) and bottom-up (chemical precipitation, combustion, sol-gel) approaches.
3) It discusses characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, and TEM that are used to analyze nanoparticles and determine properties.
4) It provides some examples of applications for nanotechnology like in medicine for targeted drug delivery, and materials for electronics, coatings and consumer products.
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UNIT-IV
NANO TECHNOLOGY CONTENT Introduction
Basics & Significance
Synthesizing Methods of of nanoparicles
Characterization techniques
Applications Introduction
The concept nanotechnology was
presented in 1959 by the famous professor of physics Dr. Richard P.Feynman. The term “Nano-technology" had been coined by Norio Taniguchi in 1974 A Nano-metre is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a metre. roughly the width of three or four atoms. The average human hair is about 25,000 nanometers wide. Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines and techniques, in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function. Introduction Cont… Introduction Cont… What is nanotechnology ?
Nano-science is the study of manipulating matter on an
atomic scale. Nanotechnology is the design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nano metre scale Basics & Significance
Why do properties changes ?
Four important ways in which nano-scale (1nm – 100nm) materials may differ from bulk or macro scale materials.
Surface area to volume ratio
Quantum confinement Dominance of electromagnetic force Random molecular motion Basics Cont.. Surface area to volume ratio Nano materials have relatively larger surface area when compared to the volume of the bulk material Nano particles have much greater surface to volume ratio. It makes material more chemically reactive Mass of material with nano particles will be much more reactive than the same mass of bulk material. This affects their strength or electrical properties Surface area = 4πr2 = 3 Consider a sphere of radius r Volume 4/3πr3 r Basics Cont..
As the percentage of atoms at the surface increases, the
mechanical, optical, electrical, chemical, and magnetic properties change. For example optical properties (color) of gold and silver change, when the spatial dimensions are reduced and the concentration is changed. Basics Cont.. Melting point as a function of particle size • Nanoparticles have a lower melting point than their bulk counterparts
Melting point of gold nanoparticles as a function of size.
Basics Cont..
Quantum Confinement Depending on the dimension of the confinement, three kinds of. confined structures are defined: quantum well (QW), quantum wire (QR) and quantum dot (QD) Basics Cont..
Dominance of electromagnetic force
Because the mass of nanoscale objects is so small, gravity becomes
negligible Basics Cont.. Random Molecular Motion Methods of synthesis of nano particles
Top-down approach involves the
breaking down of the bulk material into nanosized structures or particles. Example: Ball milling, CVD, PVD
Bottom-up approach refers to the
build up of a material from the bottom: atom-by-atom, molecule-by- molecule, or cluster-by cluster. Example: sol-gel, precipitation, combustion methods Top down methods … Ball Milling method It is a type of mechanical crushing Rotating iron balls around the inside of a drum crush the solid into nano crystallites. Preferred method for preparing metal oxides like Al, Ni compounds
Advantages: Disadvantages It produces very fine powder (10-30 nm). It is a very noisy machine It is suitable for toxic substances, both It is a slow process wet and dry grinding. Soft, tacky, fibrous material cannot The milling process can be done in an be milled by this method inert atmosphere. Top down methods … Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) CVD process consists of the following steps: The precursor is vaporized either by resistive or inductive heating The hot atoms collide with cold atoms The reactants undergo chemical reaction Undergo condensation through nucleation and form small clusters inside reaction chamber Clusters are allowed to condense on a moving bell arrangement with scrapper to collect the nano particles
Advantages: Disadvantages: Easy to control the particle growth High cost and high temperature Composite structures can be formed technique Top down methods …
Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD)
PVD process consists of the following steps: 1) The precursor in the crucible is heated by resistive or inductive method and converted into vapour phase. 2) Now gas species moved to the cold finger which is cooled with liquid N2 and condensed. 3) The particles are scrapped and collected through the funnel using piston anvil.
Advantages Disadvantages Suitable for non conducting or High temperature technique high melting materials Not suitable for low melting materials Bottom up methods …
Combustion is a high-temperature exothermic (heat releasing) redox (oxygen
adding) chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant. Fuel and oxidizer are, metal nitrate acts as an oxidizing reactant and urea acts as a reducing reactant Bottom up methods Sol-Gel method A sol-gel process is an inorganic polymerisation reaction. It is generally carried out at room temperature, it includes four steps : Hydrolysis, polycondensation, drying and thermal decomposition. This method is widely used to prepare metal oxides
Advantages: Low cost and low temperature Disadvantages: Difficult to control the particle growth Highly porous materials can be prepared Difficult to stop the formation of new Can get single sized particles particles Characterization Techniques Characterization and analytical techniques are methods used to identify, isolate or quantify chemicals or materials, or to characterize their physical , electrical, optical properties.
X-ray diffraction (XRD)
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) What is X-ray ? X-rays are electromagnetic waves having wavelength range 0.01-10nm
What is XRD? XRD is an important technique to characterize the structure of crystalline material. It can be used to determine either the lattice parameters, arrangement of individual atoms in a single crystal, or the phase analysis in case of polycrystalline materials and compounds. Principle: XRD is based on constructive interference of monochromatic X-rays X-rays are generated by a cathode ray tube. Filtered to produce monochromatic radiation. Collimated to concentrate and directed towards the sample. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) The principle of SEM is to use a focused beam of high- energy electrons to generate a variety of signals at the surface of sample. These signals are collected by detectors to form images of the sample displayed on a cathode ray tube screen.
Electron source: Produces electrons
Anode: Accelerates electrons towards condenser lens Condenser lens: electron beam is condensed by eliminating high angle electrons. Objective lens: Focus the scanned beam on to the sample. Electrons beam interacted with sample and scattered Detectors: Count the no.of interactions occurs on the surface and display the intensity pattern on the CRT display Transmission Electron Microscope(TEM) Corona virus
Gold particles Nanotechnology in medicine
Enable drugs to be delivered to the right location in the body
