The computer’s view

Internally, computers store everything as 1’s and 0’s

104  01101000
"hi"  0110100001101001
h  01101000

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 Expressions
expression: A value or operation that computes a value.

• Examples: 1 + 4 * 5
(7 + 2) * 6 / 3
42
"Hello, world!"
 The simplest expression is a literal value.
 A complex expression can use operators and parentheses.

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 Arithmetic operators
operator: Combines multiple values or expressions.
+ addition
- subtraction (or negation)
* multiplication
/ division
% modulus ( remainder)

As a program runs, its expressions are evaluated.

 1 + 1 evaluates to 2
 System.out.println(3 * 4); prints 12
 How would we print the text 3 * 4 ?

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 Integer division with /
When we divide integers, the quotient is also an integer.
 14 / 4 is 3, not 3.5

More examples:
 32 / 5 is 6
 84 / 10 is 8
 156 / 100 is 1

 Dividing by 0 causes an error when your program runs.

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 Integer remainder with %
 The % operator computes the remainder from integer division.
 14 % 4 is 2
 218 % 5 is 3 What is the result?
3 43 45 % 6
4 ) 14 5 ) 218 2 % 2
12 20 8 % 20
2 18
15 11 % 0
3

Applications of % operator:
 Obtain last digit of a number: 230857 % 10 is 7
 Obtain last 4 digits: 658236489 % 10000 is
6489
 See whether a number is odd: 7 % 2 is 1, 42 % 2 is 0
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 Remember!
precedence: Order in which operators are evaluated.
 Generally operators evaluate left-to-right.
1 - 2 - 3 is (1 - 2) - 3 which is -4

 But * / % have a higher level of precedence than + -

1 + 3 * 4 is 13
6 + 8 / 2 * 3
6 + 4 * 3
6 + 12 is 18

 Parentheses can force a certain order of evaluation:

(1 + 3) * 4 is 16
 Spacing does not affect order of evaluation
1+3 * 4-2 is 11
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 Precedence questions
What values result from the following expressions?

9 / 5
 695 % 20
7 + 6 * 5
7 * 6 + 5
 248 % 100 / 5
6 * 3 - 9 / 4
 (5 - 7) * 4
 6 + (18 % (17 - 12))

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 Precedence examples

11 ** 22 ++ 33 ** 55 %% 44  1 + 8 / 3 * 2 - 9

 \_/  \_/
\_/
|| |
22 ++ 33 ** 55 %% 44 1 + 2 * 2 - 9

 \_/  \___/
\_/
|| |
22 ++ 15 15 %% 44 1 + 4 - 9

 \___/  \______/
\___/
|| |
22 ++ 33 5 - 9

 \________/  \_________/
\________/
|| |
55 -4

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 Real numbers (type double)
Examples: 6.022 , -42.0 , 2.14317
 Placing .0 or . after an integer makes it a double.

The operators + - * / % () all still work with double.

 / produces an exact answer: 15.0 / 2.0 is 7.5

 Precedence is the same: () before * / % before + -

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 Precision in real numbers
The computer internally represents real numbers in an
imprecise way.

Example:
System.out.println(0.1 + 0.2);
 The output is 0.30000000000000004!

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 Real number example
2.0 * 2.4 + 2.25 * 4.0 / 2.0
 \___/
|
4.8 + 2.25 * 4.0 / 2.0
 \___/
|
4.8 + 9.0 / 2.0
 \_____/
|
4.8 + 4.5
 \____________/
|
9.3

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 Mixing types
When int and double are mixed, the result is a double.
 4.2 * 3 is 12.6

The conversion is per-operator, affecting only its

 2.5 + 10 / 3 * 2.5 - 6 / 4
operands.  \___/
 7 / 3 * 1.2 + 3 / 2 |
 \_/ 2.5 + 3 * 2.5 - 6 / 4
|  \_____/
2 * 1.2 + 3 / 2 |
 \___/ 2.5 + 7.5 - 6 / 4
|  \_/
2.4 + 3 / 2 |
 \_/ 2.5 + 7.5 - 1
|  \_________/
2.4 + 1 |
 \________/ 10.0 - 1
|  \______________/
3.4 |
9.0 (not 9!)
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 3 / 2 is 1 above, not 1.5.
 String concatenation
 string concatenation: Using + between a string and
another value to make a longer string.
"hello" + 42 is "hello42"
1 + "abc" + 2 is "1abc2"
"abc" + 1 + 2 is "abc12"
1 + 2 + "abc" is "3abc"
"abc" + 9 * 3 is "abc27"
"1" + 1 is "11"
4 - 1 + "abc" is "3abc"

 Use + to print a string and an expression's value

together.
 System.out.println("Grade: " + (95.1 + 71.9) / 2);

• Output: Grade: 83.5

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Variables

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 Receipt example
What's bad about the following code?
public class Receipt {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Calculate total owed, assuming 8% tax / 15% tip
System.out.println("Subtotal:");
System.out.println(38 + 40 + 30);
System.out.println("Tax:");
System.out.println((38 + 40 + 30) * .08);
System.out.println("Tip:");
System.out.println((38 + 40 + 30) * .15);
System.out.println("Total:");
System.out.println(38 + 40 + 30 +
(38 + 40 + 30) * .08 +
(38 + 40 + 30) * .15);
}
}

 The subtotal expression (38 + 40 + 30) is repeated

 So many println statements

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 Variables
variable: A piece of the computer's memory that is given
a name and type, and can store a value.
 Like preset stations on a car stereo, or cell phone speed dial:

 Steps for using a variable:

 Declare it - state its name and type
 Initialize it - store a value into it
 Use it - print it or use it as part of an expression

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 Declaration
variable declaration: Sets aside memory for storing a value.
 Variables must be declared before they can be used.

Syntax:
type name; num1

 int num1;

myGPA
 double myGPA;

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 Assignment
variable declaration: Sets aside memory for storing a value.
 Variables must be declared before they can be used.

assignment: Stores a value into a variable.

 The value can be an expression; the variable stores its result.

 int num1; num1

num1 = 90210; 90210

 double myGPA;
myGPA = 1.0 + 2.25;
myGPA 3.25

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 Using variables
Once given a value, a variable can be used in
expressions:
int x;
x = 3;
System.out.println("x is " + x); // x is 3
System.out.println(5 * x - 1); // 14

You can assign a value more than once:

x 3
11
int x;
x = 3;
System.out.println(x + " here"); // 3 here

x = 4 + 7;
System.out.println("now x is " + x); // now x is 11
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 Declaration/initialization
A variable can be declared/initialized in one statement.

Syntax:
type name = expression;

 int x = (11 % 3) + 12; x 14

 double myGPA = 3.95;

myGPA 3.95

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 Assignment vs. algebra
Assignment uses = , but it is not an algebraic equation.

 = means, "store the value at right in variable at

left"
 x = 3; means, "x becomes 3" or "x should now store
3"

ERROR: 3 = 1 + 2; is an illegal statement, because 3

is not a variable.

What happens here? x 3

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int x = 3;
x = x + 2; // ???

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 Assignment exercise
What is the output of the following Java code?
int x;
x = 3;
int y = x;
x = 5;
y = y + x;
System.out.println(x);
System.out.println(y);

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 Assignment and types
 A variable can only store a value of its own type.
 int x = 2.5; // ERROR: incompatible types

 An int value can be stored in a double variable.

 The value is converted into the equivalent real number.

 double myGPA = 4;
myGPA 4.0

 double avg = 10 / 2;
avg 5.0

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 Compiler errors
A variable can't be used until it is assigned a value.
 int x;
System.out.println(x); // ERROR: x has no value

You may not declare the same variable twice.

 int x;
int x; // ERROR: x already exists

 int x = 3;
int x = 5; // ERROR: x already exists
 How can this code be fixed?

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 Printing a variable's value
Use + to print a string and a variable's value on one line.
 double grade = (95.1 + 71.9 + 82.6) / 3.0;
System.out.println("Your grade was " + grade);

int students = 11 + 17 + 4 + 19 + 14;

System.out.println("There are " + students +
" students in the course.");

• Output:

Your grade was 83.2

There are 65 students in the course.

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 Receipt question
Improve the receipt program using variables.
public class Receipt {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Calculate total owed, assuming 8% tax / 15% tip
System.out.println("Subtotal:");
System.out.println(38 + 40 + 30);
System.out.println("Tax:");
System.out.println((38 + 40 + 30) * .08);
System.out.println("Tip:");
System.out.println((38 + 40 + 30) * .15);
System.out.println("Total:");
System.out.println(38 + 40 + 30 +
(38 + 40 + 30) * .15 +
(38 + 40 + 30) * .08);
}
}

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 Receipt answer
public class Receipt {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Calculate total owed, assuming 8% tax / 15% tip
double subtotal = 38 + 40 + 30;
double tax = subtotal * .08;
double tip = subtotal * .15;
double total = subtotal + tax + tip;

System.out.println("Subtotal: " + subtotal);

System.out.println("Tax: " + tax);
System.out.println("Tip: " + tip);
System.out.println("Total: " + total);
}
}

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That is all for today!

QUESTIONS?

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