FCDS

Programming I

Lecture 2: Primitive Data Types, Expressions

and Variables
 Data types
• Type: A name for a category or set of data values that are related, as in
type int in java, which used to represent integer values.
– Constrains the operations that can be performed on data
– Many languages ask the programmer to specify types
– Examples: integer, real number, string

• Internally, computers store everything as 1s and 0s

104→ 01101000
h → 01101000
i → 01101001
"hi" → 0110100001101001
• ASCII Code ➔ 7 bits
• Extended ASCII Code ➔ 8 bits
• Unicode ➔ 16 bits
 Java's primitive types
• primitive types: there are 8 simple types for
numbers, text, etc.
– Java also has object types, which we'll talk about later
• The most commonly used types
Type Description Examples
– int integers (up to 231 - 1) 42, -3, 0, 926394
– double real numbers (up to 10308) 3.1, -0.25, 9.4e3
– char single text characters 'a', 'X', '?', '\n'
– boolean logical values true, false

• Why does Java distinguish integers vs. real numbers?

 Java's primitive types
Type Description Size
int The integer type, with range -2,147,483,648 . . . 2,147,483,647 4 bytes
byte The type describing a single byte, with range -128 . . . 127 1 byte
short The short integer type, with range -32768 . . . 32767 2 bytes
long The long integer type, with range -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 . . . -
8 bytes
9,223,372,036,854,775,807

double
The double-precision floating-point type, with a range of about ±10308 and
8 bytes
about 15 significant decimal digits

float
The single-precision floating-point type, with a range of about ±1038 and
4 bytes
about 7 significant decimal digits

char
The character type, representing code units in the Unicode encoding
2 bytes
scheme
boolean The type with the two truth values false and true 1 bit
 Expressions
• Expression: A value or operation that computes a
value.
• Examples: 1 + 4 * 5
(7 + 2) * 6 / 3
42
– The simplest expression is a literal value such as 42
or 28.9.
– A complex expression can use operators, operands
and parentheses.
 Arithmetic operators
• Operator: Combines multiple operands (values) or expressions.
– + addition
– - subtraction (or negation)
– * multiplication
– / division
– % modulus (a.k.a. remainder)

• Evaluation: The process of obtaining the value of an expression

– As a program runs, its expressions are evaluated.
• 1 + 1 evaluates to 2
• System.out.println(3 * 4); prints 12
• How would we print the text 3 * 4 ?
 Integer division with /
• When we divide integers, the quotient is also an integer.
▪ 14 / 4 is 3, not 3.5
3 4 52
4 ) 14 10 ) 45 27 ) 1425
12 40 135
2 5 75
54
21
• More examples:
▪ 32 / 5 is 6
▪ 84 / 10 is 8
▪ 156 / 100 is 1

– Dividing by 0 causes a run-time error when your program runs.

 Integer remainder with %
• The % operator computes the remainder from integer division.
▪ 14 % 4 is 2 What is the result?
▪ 218 % 5 is 3 45 % 6
3 43 2 % 2
4 ) 14 5 ) 218 8 % 20
12 20
2 18 11 % 0
15
3

• Applications of % operator:
– Obtain last digit of a number: 230857 % 10 is 7
– Obtain last 4 digits: 658236489 % 10000 is 6489
– See whether a number is odd or even: 7 % 2 is 1, 42 % 2 is 0
 Precedence
• Precedence: Order in which operators are evaluated.
– Generally operators evaluate left-to-right.
1 - 2 - 3 is (1 - 2) - 3 which is -4
– But * / % have a higher level of precedence than + -
– When two operators share an operand the operator with the
higher precedence goes first
▪ 1 + 3 * 4 is 13

− When two operators with the same precedence the

expression is evaluated left to right. • 6 + 8 * 2 / 3
▪ 6 + 8 / 2 * 3
▪ 6 + 4 * 3 • 6 + 16 / 3
▪ 6 + 12 is 18 • 6 + 5 is 11
 Precedence
• Precedence: Order in which operators are evaluated.
– Generally operators evaluate left-to-right.
1 - 2 - 3 is (1 - 2) - 3 which is -4

– But * / % have a higher level of precedence than + -

1 + 3 * 4 is 13
6 + 8 / 2 * 3
6 + 4 * 3
6 + 12 is 18

– Parentheses can force a certain order of evaluation:

(1 + 3) * 4 is 16
– Spacing does not affect order of evaluation
1+3 * 4-2 is 11
 Precedence examples
• 1 * 2 + 3 * 5 % 4 ◼ 1 + 8 % 3 * 2 - 9
• \_/ ◼ \_/
| |
2 + 3 * 5 % 4 1 + 2 * 2 - 9
• \_/ ◼ \___/
| |
2 + 15 % 4 1 + 4 - 9
• \___/ ◼ \______/
| |
2 + 3 5 - 9
• \________/
| ◼ \_________/
5 |
-4
 Precedence questions
• What values result from the following expressions?
▪ 9 / 5
▪ 695 % 20
▪ 7 + 6 * 5
▪ 7 * 6 + 5
▪ 248 % 100 / 5
▪ 6 * 3 - 9 / 4
▪ (5 - 7) * 4
▪ 6 + (18 % (17 - 12))
Real numbers (type double or float)
• Examples: 6.022 , -42.0 , 2.143e17
– Placing .0 or . after an integer makes it a double.

• The operators + - * / % () all still work with

double.
▪ / produces an exact answer: 15.0 / 2.0 is 7.5
▪ Precedence is the same: () before * / % before + -
 Real number example
• 2.0 * 2.4 + 2.25 * 4.0 / 2.0
• \___/
|
4.8 + 2.25 * 4.0 / 2.0
• \___/
|
4.8 + 9.0 / 2.0
• \_____/
|
4.8 + 4.5
• \____________/
|
9.3
 Mixing types
• When int and double are mixed, the result is a double.
– 4.2 * 3 is 12.6
• The conversion is per-operator, affecting only its operands.
– 7 / 3 * 1.2 + 3 / 2 • 2.0 + 10 / 3 * 2.5 - 6 / 4
– \_/ • \___/
| |
2 * 1.2 + 3 / 2 2.0 + 3 * 2.5 - 6 / 4
– \___/ • \_____/
| |
2.4 + 3 / 2
– \_/ 2.0 + 7.5 - 6 / 4
| • \_/
2.4 + 1 |
– \________/ 2.0 + 7.5 - 1
|
3.4 • \_________/
|
9.5 - 1
– 3 / 2 is 1 above, not 1.5. • \______________/
|
8.5
 String concatenation
• string concatenation: Using + between a string and another
value to make a longer string.
"hello" + 42 is "hello42"
1 + "abc" + 2 is "1abc2"
"abc" + 1 + 2 is "abc12"
1 + 2 + "abc" is "3abc"
"abc" + 9 * 3 is "abc27"
"1" + 1 is "11"
4 - 1 + "abc" is "3abc"
• Use + to print a string and an expression's value together.
– System.out.println("Grade: " + (95.1 + 71.9) / 2);
– Output: Grade: 83.5
Variables
 Receipt example
What's bad about the following code?
public class Receipt {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Calculate total owed, assuming 8% tax / 15% tip
System.out.println("Subtotal: ");
System.out.println(38 + 40 + 30);
System.out.println("Tax: ");
System.out.println((38 + 40 + 30) * .08);
System.out.println("Tip: ");
System.out.println((38 + 40 + 30) * .15);
System.out.println("Total: ");
System.out.println(38 + 40 + 30 +
(38 + 40 + 30) * .08 +
(38 + 40 + 30) * .15);
}
}
– The subtotal expression (38 + 40 + 30) is repeated
– So many println statements
 Variables
• Variable: A piece of the computer's memory that is given a
name and type, and can store a value.
– Like preset stations on a car stereo, or cell phone speed dial:

– The type tells us what we can do with the variables

• For example, we can compute the sum of two integers
– Steps for using a variable:
• Declare it - state its name and type
• Initialize it - store a value into it (assign a value to it)
• Use it - print it or use it as part of an expression
 Declaration
• variable declaration: Sets aside memory for storing a value.
– Variables must be declared before they can be used.

• Syntax: type name;

• The name is an identifier. x

int x;
myGPA

double myGPA;
 Assignment
• assignment: Stores a value into a variable.
– The = operator is called assignment operator
▪ On the left you need variable name;
▪ The right-hand side can be value or expression.

• Syntax: name = expression;

int x;
x = 3;
x 3
double myGPA;
myGPA = 1.0 + 2.25;
myGPA 3.25
 Declaration/initialization
• A variable can be declared/initialized in one statement.

• Syntax:
type name = value;

myGPA 3.95
– double myGPA = 3.95;

– int x = (11 % 3) + 12; x 14

 Using variables
• Once given a value, a variable can be used in
expressions:
int x;
x = 3;
System.out.println("x is " + x); // x is 3
System.out.println(5 * x - 1); // 5 * 3 - 1
// 14

• You can assign a value more than once: x 11

3
int x;
x = 3;
System.out.println(x + " here"); // 3 here

x = 4 + 7;
System.out.println("now x is " + x); // now x is 11
 Assignment and algebra
• Assignment uses = , but it is not an algebraic equation.
= means, "store the value at right in variable at left"

• The right side expression is evaluated first, and then its

result is stored in the variable at left.

x 3
5
• What happens here?
int x = 3;
x = x + 2; // ???
 Assignment and types
• A variable can only store a value of its own type.
int x = 2.5; // ERROR: incompatible types

• An int value can be stored in a double variable.

– The value is converted into the equivalent real number.

double myGPA = 4; myGPA 4.0

double avg = 11 / 2; avg 5.0

• Why does avg store 5.0 and not 5.5 ?

 Compiler errors
• A variable can't be used until it is assigned a value.
– int x;
System.out.println(x); // ERROR: x has no value

• You may not declare the same variable twice.

int x;
int x; // ERROR: x already exists

int x = 3;
int x = 5; // ERROR: x already exists

• How can this code be fixed?

 Printing a variable's value
• Use + to print a string and a variable's value on one line.
double grade = (95.1 + 71.9 + 82.6) / 3.0;
System.out.println("Your grade was " + grade);

int students = 11 + 17 + 4 + 19 + 14;

System.out.println("There are " + students +
" students in the course.");

• Output:
Your grade was 83.2
There are 65 students in the course.
 Increment and decrement
shortcuts to increase or decrease a variable's value by 1 using
unary operators (++ and --)

Shorthand Equivalent longer version

variable++; variable = variable + 1;
variable--; variable = variable - 1;

int x = 2;
x++; // x = x + 1;
// x now stores 3
double gpa = 2.5;
gpa--; // gpa = gpa - 1;
// gpa now stores 1.5
 Modify-and-assign
shortcuts to modify a variable's value

Shorthand Equivalent longer version

variable += value; variable = variable + value;
variable -= value; variable = variable - value;
variable *= value; variable = variable * value;
variable /= value; variable = variable / value;
variable %= value; variable = variable % value;

x += 3; // x = x + 3;
gpa -= 0.5; // gpa = gpa - 0.5;
number *= 2; // number = number * 2;
 Java Operator Precedence
Description Operators
Unary Operators ++, --, +, -
Highest
Binary Multiplicative Operators *, /, %

Binary Additive Operators +, -

Assignment Operators =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=

Lowest

- Binary Operators in the same level (such as + and -) are of equal priority
and are evaluated left to right. (Example: x * y / 3)
- Unary Operators in the same level (such as + and -) are of equal priority and
are evaluated right to left. (Example: ++x - ++y)
- Assignment Operators in the same level (such as =) are of equal priority and
are evaluated right to left. (Example: x=y=z=9;)
Example: Evaluate the expression
z – (a + b / 2) + w * -y
Given z = 8, a = 3, b = 9, w = 2, y =
-5
8 – (3 + 9 / 2) + 2 * - -5
(Step-1) 9/2 = 4
8 – (3 + 4) + 2 * - -5
(Step-2) (3+4) = 7
8 – 7 + 2 * - -5
(Step-3) - - 5 = 5
8 – 7 + 2 * 5
(Step-4) 2 * 5 = 10
8 – 7 + 10
(Step-5) 8 – 7 = 1
1 + 10
(Step-6) 1 + 10 = 11
11

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 Receipt question
Improve the receipt program using variables.
public class Receipt {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Calculate total owed, assuming 8% tax / 15% tip
System.out.println("Subtotal:");
System.out.println(38 + 40 + 30);
System.out.println("Tax:");
System.out.println((38 + 40 + 30) * .08);
System.out.println("Tip:");
System.out.println((38 + 40 + 30) * .15);
System.out.println("Total:");
System.out.println(38 + 40 + 30 +
(38 + 40 + 30) * .08 +
(38 + 40 + 30) * .15);
}
}
 Receipt answer
public class Receipt {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Calculate total owed, assuming 8% tax / 15% tip
int subtotal = 38 + 40 + 30;
double tax = subtotal * .08;
double tip = subtotal * .15;
double total = subtotal + tax + tip;

System.out.println("Subtotal: " + subtotal);

System.out.println("Tax: " + tax);
System.out.println("Tip: " + tip);
System.out.println("Total: " + total);
}
}
 Variables (Summary)
• name, type, value
• declaration and assignment
Trace
 Type casting
• Type Cast: A conversion from one type to another.
– To promote an int into a double to get exact division from /
– To truncate a double from a real number to an integer

• Syntax:
(type) expression

Examples:
double result = (double) 19 / 5; // 3.8
int result2 = (int) result; // 3
 More about type casting
• Type casting has high precedence and only casts the item
immediately next to it.
– double x = (double) 1 + 1 / 2; // 1.0
– double y = 1 + (double) 1 / 2; // 1.5

• You can use parentheses to force evaluation order.

– double average = (double) (a + b + c) / 3;

• A conversion to double can be achieved in other ways.

– double average = 1.0 * (a + b + c) / 3;
 Examples (Type Casting)

(int)4.8 has value 4

(double)5 has value 5.0

(double)(7/4) has value 1.0

(double)7 / (float)4 has value 1.75

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