EMERGING TRENDS

Introduction to Emerging Trends

Emerging trends are the state of the
art technologies which gain popularity and
set a new trend among users.

In this chapter we will learn about

some emerging trends that will make a
huge impact on digital economy and
interaction in digital societies.
 Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence basically refers
to the ability of a machine or a computer
program to think and learn.

In simple words field of AI revolves

around bringing out technologies that
help build machine that can think act
and learn like humans.
 The modern AI machine are designed
and programmed to –

1. Work with minimum human

intervention
2. create and update knowledge
base which keeps updating.
3. having heuristic abilities.

Most famous example of AI today is social

humanoid robot Sophia who have been awarded
citizenship of Saudi Arabia.
 Machine learning – Machine learning
is an application of artificial intelligence
that provides systems the ability to
automatically learn and improve from
experience without being explicitly
programmed, after initial training using
test and training data and algorithms.
Machine learning works in a similar
way to human learning. For example if a
child is shown images with specific objects
on them hey can learn to identify and
differentiate between them.
 Natural Language Processing(NLP)

It is an artificially intelligent
technology that helps computers
understand, interpret and manipulate
human language and even potentially
generate human language.
Examples of NLP-
1. Spell check
2. Auto complete
3. Voice text messaging(speech to text)
4. Audio output by computer/voice
assistants(text to speech)
5. Spam mail folder
6. Information extraction(e.g. Gmail
structures calendar events from emails)
7. Machine translation(e.g. Google
translate text from one language to
another)
8. Sentiment Analysis(e.g. Hater news give
the sentiment of the user)
9. Question/Answering (e.g. Siri, Alexa,
Cortana or Google Assistant)
 Immersive Experiences
Immersive experience allow us to
visualise, feel and react by stimulating our
senses. It enhance our interaction and
involvement making them more realistic and
engaging.

The 3D videography, the watching

movies in theatres 3D video games and a
driving simulator, flight simulator etc.
Immersive experience can be achieved
using virtual reality and augmented reality.
 (a) Virtual Reality – It is a
technology that allows people to
experience and interact with own senses in
a 3D virtual environment that appears and
feels like a real environment with the use
of an electronic equipment.

(b) Augmented Reality – It is a

technology that transforms the view of
physical real world environment with
superimposed computer generated images,
thus changing the perception of reality.
 Difference between AR and VR
Augmented Reality(AR) Virtual Reality(VR)
Augmented reality is a mix Virtual reality creates an
of the real world and the entire virtual world.
virtual world.
It lets people interact with In this case, it is hard to
both worlds and differentiate between
distinguish clearly between what is real and what is
both. not real.

This is generally achieved This is generally achieved

by holding a Smartphone by wearing a helmet or
in front of you. goggles.
 Robotics – Robots are programmable
machines that are usually able to carry out a
series of actions autonomously or semi
autonomously.

Example of Robots – Mars Rover,

household chores, Japan’s Packbot,
Drones(Unmanned aircraft), warehouse
robots, Humanoids (Honda’s Asimo,
Sophia), exoskeleton etc
 Big Data – Big data is term used to
describe extremely large data sets that
traditional database applications cannot deal
with.
In one minutes quintillions of data bytes
are generated and exchanged over the internet.

Characteristics of Big Data-

(a) Volume – It refers to the enormous

amount of data generated.

(b) Velocity – Velocity is the measure of

how fast data is coming in.
 (c) Variety – It refers to the number of
types of data generated.

(d) Veracity - Data veracity is the degree

of accuracy or truthfulness of a data set.

(e) Value – since there is huge cost

involved in the storage and processing of
big data so it must be stored, processed and
analysed in a way that it converted in to
valuable and produce some real valuable
information.
 Data Analytics

Data analytics refers to

discovering hidden patterns, trends
and preferences, from the data set
by employing specialised methods,
programs, software and specialised
systems.
 Internet of Things(IoT)

The IoT is a new age technology that

allows computing devices to transfer data
over a network like internet without
requiring human-to-human or human-to-
computer interaction.

Practical applications of IoT

technology can be found many fields such
as -
 Health and Fitness – IoT smart
gadgets like Fitbit, Jawbone, Nike and
Misfit etc.

Home Security – Home safety and

security devises enable video
surveillance, motion, temperature and
air quality control.
Smart Cities – Smart surveillance.
Automated transportation , smarter
energy management systems, water
distribution, urban security and
 Transport – Driverless cars.

Shopping – Smart refrigerator

Web of Things(WoT)

The web of Things is framework with a

vision where everybody’s smart devices and
objects are connected the web using existing
web technologies and standards.
 Sensors
Sensors are devices which measure
some physical quantity(like temperature or
change in director etc,) and convert it into
some type of signals.

Smart sensors are intelligent sensors

that can convert the measured quantities
into digital data, digitally process them,
transmit them and can perform some form
of decisions making.
 Types of Sensors
Temperature sensor, Proximity sensor,
Accelerometer sensor, pressure sensor, Light
sensor, Ultrasonic sensor, Smoke, Gas and
Alcohol sensor, Touch sensor, colour Sensor,
Humidity sensor, Gyroscope sensor etc
 Smart Cities – A smart city is a city
that uses ICT and digital technologies along
with IoT to provide services and solve city
problems with improved quality and
sustainability.

It address the following growing

urbanization challenges-

1. An intelligent network of
connected objects and machines(IoT)
2. Data transmission using wireless
technology and the cloud.
 3. cloud based IoT applications.
4. Improved energy distribution.
5. Streamlined trash collection.
6. decreased traffic congestion.

Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is the internet based

computing, whereby shared resources,
software and information are provided to
computers and other devices on demand
like the electricity grid. The cloud
represents the internet.
 Cloud computing has following five
essential characteristics –

1. On demand self service

2. Broad network access
3. Rapid elasticity
4. Resource pooling
5. Measured service.

Some freely available public clouds are

Google drive, Amazon web services(AWS).
 Cloud Services
Three types of cloud services offered
that allow the clients to use an application
or a platform or an infrastructure-
1. Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS) – It
provides basic storage and computing
capabilities as standardized services over
the network. In this pay per use model,
services like storage, databases
management and computes capabilities are
offered on demand.
Example – Amazon web services,
Gogrid etc.
 2. Platform as a Service(PaaS) – In this
type of service a development environment
is offered as a service, upon which other
higher levels of service can be built. The
platform used to design, develop, build and
test applications are provided by the cloud
infrastructure.
Example – Google App Engine, Azure
services platform , Apache Stratos etc
 3. Software as a Service(SaaS) – In
this type of service , a complete
application is offered to the customer as a
service on demand. Highly scalable
internet based applications are hosted on
the cloud and offered as services to the
end user.
Example – Google Apps, Microsoft
Office, Salesforce customer etc

Clouds are three types-

1. Private clouds 2. Public clouds
3. Hybrid cloud(Community clouds)
 Grid Computing –It is a form of
distributed computing that involves the
coordination and sharing of geographically
distributed networked computational
resources.
A computational grid is a hardware and
software infrastructure that provides
dependable, consistent, pervasive and
inexpensive access to high end
computational capabilities.
 The grid links together computing
resources like PCs, workstations, servers,
storage elements and provide mechanism to
access them.
A grid computing system requires –
1. At least one computer, usually a
server, which handle all the administrative
duties for the system.
2. A network of computers running
special grid computing network software.
3. A collection of computer software
called middleware.
 The two common types of grid are –
1. Computational grid(compute
grid)
Examples – GridGain(a professional
open source), JPPF(Open Source)

2. Data grid
Example –JBossCache(Professional
open source), EhCache(open source)
Criteria Grid Computing Cloud Computing

Means of Allocation of Virtualisation of servers,

utilisation multiple servers one server to compute
onto a single several tasks or services
application. concurrently.

Typical usage Typically used for More frequently used to

pattern job execution i.e. support long running
The execution of a services(Service oriented)
program for a
limited time
(Application
oriented)

Task Single application Multiple services

Computation Maximum On-demand services
service computing for one
application
Criteria Grid Computing Cloud Computing

Infrastructur A decentralized A central computer server

e system, which with single access point
spans across and spans several
geographically computing centres, like
distributed sites Google and Amazon in
and lack central general contain
control. It homogeneous resources,
normally contains operated under central
heterogeneous control.
resources, such as
hardware/software
configurations,
access interfaces
and management
policies.
Criteria Grid Computing Cloud Computing

Virtualizatio Virtualization of Virtualization of hardware,

n data and software and storage
computing platforms.
resources.

Examples Grid Gain, JPPF, Google Drive, One Drive,

JBossCache, Mobile Office
EhcCache Applications(e.g. Office
365, Google docs),
SharePoint, Microsoft
Azure, iCloud,
AWS(Amazon Web
Services) etc.
 Block Chains –
Block chain is a distributed ledger
(storing all the transaction) a peer to peer
(P2P) network.

The key elements involved in the

blockcahin technology are:
(a) Blockchain Technology- It is a
decentralised, digitised, public ledger
of each of the online transaction(mostly
financial, but not always) occurring
among a network of peers.
 (b) Block- A block refers to a secured
data chunk that stores encrypted details of
a valid transaction that has occurred
online. A block consist of two parts:
(i) a header, which is public to all
(ii) private details of transaction,
accessible only to the owner of the
block.
(c) Blockchain- It is a group of linked
blocks, which are related to each other and
are proper, linear chronological order. It
stores the complete trail of transactions.
 (d) Public ledger – All confirmed
transactions linked blocks since the first
transaction are available in the form
of a blockcahin called public ledger.

(e) Mining- It is the process of

confirming a transaction after validation
and adding it to the public ledger.
 (f) P2P Network – The traditional
architecture of WWW is client-server type
where the server stores all the
information in a centralised database. The
P2P network is the type of network used
in blockcahin technology. It is a
distribution network where each
participant computer within the network
maintains, approves and update the new
entries. Each participant has equal power.
 Benefits of Blockchain Technology –
1. Increased time effectiveness due to
real-time transaction.
2. Direct transaction eliminate the
overhead and intermediary costs.
3. Reducing risks related to
cybercrimes, frauds and tempering.
4. More transparent process with a
proper record creation and tracking.
5. Highly secure due to cryptographic
and decentralised blockchain protocols.
THE END