NOTES

CLASS 11TH
SUBJECT - INFORMATICS PRACTICES
CHAPTER – 7 DATABASE CONCEPTS
1. Introduction to Databases
 Database: A collection of related data organized in a way that it can be easily
accessed, managed, and updated.
 Data: Raw facts and figures that are processed to produce meaningful information.
 Information: Processed data that is meaningful and useful for decision-making.
2. Database Management System (DBMS)
 DBMS: A software system designed to manage databases. It provides a systematic
way of storing, retrieving, and managing data.
 Key functions of a DBMS include:
o Data definition
o Data retrieval
o Data manipulation
o Data security
3. Components of DBMS
 DBMS Software: The software used to manage the database (e.g., Oracle, MySQL,
SQL Server).
 Database Engine: The core service for accessing and processing data stored in a
database.
 Database Schema: Defines the logical structure of the data, including tables,
columns, and relationships between them.
 Query Processor: Analyzes and executes database queries.
 Data Dictionary: Stores metadata (information about the structure of the data).
 User Interface: Allows users to interact with the DBMS.
4. Types of Database Models
 Hierarchical Model: Data is organized in a tree-like structure with a parent-child
relationship.
 Network Model: Similar to the hierarchical model but allows multiple parent-child
relationships.
 Relational Model: Data is stored in tables (relations) that are linked through keys.
 Object-oriented Model: Data is represented as objects, similar to object-oriented
programming.
5. Relational Database Concepts
 Table: A collection of related data organized in rows and columns.
 Row (Record): A single, data entry in a table, representing an entity.
 Column (Field): Represents an attribute of the entity.
 Primary Key: A unique identifier for each record in a table.
 Foreign Key: A field in a table that uniquely identifies a row in another table.
6. DBMS Languages
 Data Definition Language (DDL): Used to define the structure of the database (tables,
views, schemas).
  Data Manipulation Language (DML): Used for managing and manipulating data
within the database (e.g., SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE).
 Data Control Language (DCL): Used to control access to data (e.g., GRANT, REVOKE).
7. Types of Databases
 Flat File Database: A simple database where data is stored in a single table (e.g., CSV
files).
 Relational Database: A more complex database where data is stored in multiple
tables, with relationships between them.
8. Advantages of Using a DBMS
 Data Redundancy Reduction: Minimizes the duplication of data by sharing data
across applications.
 Data Integrity: Ensures that the data is accurate and consistent.
 Data Security: Protects data from unauthorized access.
 Concurrency Control: Allows multiple users to access the database simultaneously
without affecting data integrity.
 Backup and Recovery: Provides mechanisms for data backup and recovery in case of
failure.
9. Database Design Process
 Requirements Analysis: Understanding the data needs and defining the scope of the
database.
 Conceptual Design: Defining the data model and relationships.
 Logical Design: Converting the conceptual model into a logical model (e.g., relational
tables).
 Physical Design: Determining the physical storage of the database.
10. ER Model (Entity-Relationship Model)
 Entity: An object or thing in the real world that is distinguishable from other objects
(e.g., student, book).
 Attribute: A property or characteristic of an entity (e.g., student’s name, book’s
price).
 Relationship: Describes how two entities are related (e.g., a student enrolls in a
course).
11. Normalization
 Normalization: The process of organizing data to eliminate redundancy and
dependency.
o It involves dividing large tables into smaller, manageable ones and defining
relationships between them.
o First Normal Form (1NF): Ensures each column contains atomic values (no
repeating groups).
o Second Normal Form (2NF): Achieves 1NF and ensures all non-key attributes
are fully functionally dependent on the primary key.
o Third Normal Form (3NF): Achieves 2NF and ensures there are no transitive
dependencies between non-key attributes.
12. Data Independence
 Logical Data Independence: The ability to change the logical schema without
changing the external schema (user views).
 Physical Data Independence: The ability to change the physical schema without
affecting the logical schema.
13. Key Constraints
 Primary Key Constraint: Ensures that each record in a table is uniquely identified.
 Unique Key Constraint: Ensures that no two records have the same value for the
specified column(s).
 Not Null Constraint: Ensures that a column cannot have a null value.
 Check Constraint: Ensures that a value in a column meets a specific condition.
 Default Constraint: Provides a default value for a column when no value is specified.
14. Transaction Management
 Transaction: A sequence of operations performed as a single unit of work.
 ACID Properties:
o Atomicity: Ensures that a transaction is fully completed or fully rolled back.
o Consistency: Ensures that a transaction moves the database from one
consistent state to another.
o Isolation: Ensures that concurrent transactions do not interfere with each
other.
o Durability: Ensures that once a transaction is committed, its changes are
permanent.
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