MATLAB

Vectors & Matrices

 Introduction
 In MATLAB, matrix is chosen as a basic data element

 Vector:
Matrix of 1xn or nx1 is know as vector.

row vector column vector

>>p=[1 2 3]; % data assignment for row vector
or
>>p=[1,2,3] ;

>>q=[1;2;3]; %data assignment for column vector

or
>>q=[1
2
3];
 Working with vectors
 Scalar:
• Matrix of 1x1
• >>r=3; %data assignment for scalar

 In MATLAB it is possible to work with the complete matrix simultaneously.

• Vector Product
• >>x=[3;4;5]; %column vector of 3x1
• >>y=[1 2 0]; %row vector of 1x3
• >>z=y*x
Z=11 %scalor
>>z=x*y %matrix of 3x3
z= 3 6 0
4 8 0
5 10 0
 Working with vectors
Vector transpose
>>xt=x’ % transpose of x
>>xt= 3 4 5
>>yt=y’
yt= 1
2
0
Creating Evenly spaced row vector
>>a=1:2:11 %staring from 1 with an increment of 2 and upto 11
a=

1 3 5 7 9 11
 Working with vectors
• Exercise
– >>t=12.5:-2.5:0
– >>t=11:1:5
– >>t=1:20
• Linspace command
– >>a=Linspace(0,10,5)
%linspace(x1,x2,n) , n equally spaced elements
starting from x1 end with x2
– >>a=logspace(0,4,3)
– %logspace(a,b,n), logarithmically spaced vector of
length n in the interval 10a to 10b
 Working with vectors
• Exercise
• >>x=[1 4 11 100];
• >>y=[14;200; -100];
• >>z=[1.4 10.7 -1.1 20.9];
• Try this
• sum(x) %sum of all elements of row or column vector
• mean(x) %ave of all elements of row or column vector
• Max(x)
• Min(x)
• Prod(x) %product of all elements of row or column vector
• Sign(x) %return +1 if sign of element is +ve
0 if element is zero
-1 if sign of element is -ve
• Find(x) %returns the linear indices corresponding to non-zero
entries of the array x
>>a=find(x)
a= 1 2 3 4
%1st , 2nd, 3rd, & 4th, elements are non zeros
>>a=find(y>24)
a= 2 %2nd element of y has value > 24
• Fix (z) %rounds the elements of a vector z to nearest integers
towards zero.
• Floor(z) %rounds the elements of a vector z to nearest integers
towards –infinity
• Ceil (z) %rounds the elements of a vector z to nearest intergers
towards +infinity
• Round(x) %rounds the elements to nearest integer
• Sort(x, ‘mode’) %for sorting, mode=ascend or descend, default is
ascend.
– >>x1=[5 -3 10 -10];
– >>a=sort(x1)
– >>a= -10 -3 5 10
– >>b=sort(x1, ‘descend’)
– >>b = 10 5 -3 10
• Mod(x,y) %Modulus after division
• Rem(x,y) %Remainder after division
 Working with Matrices
• Entering data in matrices
– >>A=[1 10 20; 2 5 6;7 8 9]
– >>B=[1+2i 3i; 4+4i 5] % i or j
– >>C=[1 -2; sqrt(3) exp(1)]
• Line continuation: sometimes it is not possible to type data input on the
same line
– >>A=[1 10 20; 2 5 6;7 8 9] %semi column to separate rows
– >>A=[1 10 20 %Enter key or carriage return
2 5 6
7 8 9]
– >>A=[1, 10, 20; 2, 5,… %ellipsis(3 dots …) method
6;7, 8, 9]
 Working with Matrices
• Sub-matrices
– >>B=A(1:2,2:3) %row 1 to 2 & column 2 to 3
– >>B= 1020
5 6
– >>B= A(:, 2:3) %all row & column 2 to 3
– >>B=A(:, end) %end=> last column (or row)

• Size of matrix
– >>[m, n]=size(A)
Multidimensional Arrays\Matrices
• Creating multidimensional arrays: Consider a book, line no & column no
represents two dimensions and third dimension is page no.
Three methods
– 1. Extending matrix of lower dimension
– 2. Using MATLAB function
– 3. Using ‘cat’ function
Multidimensional Arrays\Matrices
• 1 Extending matrix dimension
– >>A=[1 2 3; 5 4 3; 1 3 6];
– >>B=[2 4 6; 1 3 6; 3 6 9];
– >>A(:,:,2)=B
– A(:,:,1) =
1 2 3
5 4 3
1 3 6
A(:,:,2) =
2 4 6
1 3 6
3 6 9
 Multidimensional Arrays\
Matrices
• 2. Using MATLAB functions
– >>B=randn(4, 3, 2) %random no multidimensional matrix
B(:,:,1) = %similarly ‘ones’ & ‘zeros’ function
0.5377 0.3188 3.5784
1.8339 -1.3077 2.7694
-2.2588 -0.4336 -1.3499
0.8622 0.3426 3.0349
B(:,:,2) =
0.7254 -0.1241 0.6715
-0.0631 1.4897 -1.2075
0.7147 1.4090 0.7172
-0.2050 1.4172 1.6302
Multidimensional Arrays\Matrices
• 3. Using ‘cat’ function: concatenates a list of array
– >>A1=[1 3; 6 9];
– >>B1=[3 3; 9 9];
– >>B=cat(2, A1, B1)
B=
1 3 3 3
6 9 9 9
 Working with multidimensional arrays: Most of the concepts are similar to
two dimensional arrays
 Matrix Manipulations
• Reshaping matrix into a vector
– >>A=[1 10 20; 2 5 6; 7 8 9]
– >>B=A(:) %converts to column matrix
B=
1
2
7
10
5
8
20
6
9
 Matrix Manipulations
• Reshaping a matrix into different sized matrix
>>A=[1 2 3 4; 5 6 7 8; 9 10 11 12] % A is 3x4 matrix
>>B=reshape(A, 6,2) % reshaped matrix B is 6x2
B=
1 3
5 7
9 11
2 4
6 8
10 12

Note: total no of elements 3x4=6x2=12 must be same

 Matrix Manipulations
• Expanding matrix size
>>D(2,2)=10 %D is 2x2 with last element D(2,2)=10
D=
0 0
0 10
>>D(2,1:2)=[3 4] %D is 2x2 with element D(2,1)=3 & D(2,2)=4
D=
0 0
3 4
>>A=[6 7; 8 9]; %A is 2x2 matrix
>>A(2,3)=15 %Now A is changed to 2x3 matrix
A=
6 7 0
8 9 15
 Matrix Manipulations
• Appending/Deleting a row/column to a matrix
>>A=[6 7; 8 9];
>>x=[1; 2]; %Column vector
>>y=[3 4]; %Row vector
>>B=[A x] %Appending a column ‘x’
B=
6 7 1
8 9 2
>>C=[A; y] %Appending a row ‘y’
C=
6 7
8 9
3 4
 Matrix Manipulations
>>C(2,:)=[ ] %delete 2nd row of matrix C
C=
6 7
3 4
>>B(:,1:2)=[ ] %delete 1st to 2nd column of matrix B
B=
1
2

Note: Deletion of single element is not allowed, we can replace it.

 Matrix Manipulations
Concatenation of matrices
>>A=[1 2; 3 4];
>>B=[A A+12; A+24 A+10]
B=
1 2 13 14
3 4 15 16
25 26 11 12
27 28 13 14
 Generation of special Matrices
Try this
>>A=zeros(2,3)

>>B=ones(3,4)

>>C=eye(3,2) %1s in main diagonal rest elements will be zero

>>D=rand(3) %3x3 matrix with random no b/w 0 to1

>>E=rands(3) %3x3 matrix with random no b/w --1 to1

>>V=vander(v) %Vandermode matrix, V whose columns are powers of

the vector v. Let v=[1 2 3]. Here 3 elements => V
is 3x3

Note: zeros(3,3) may be written as zeros(3) and so the others also.

 Generation of special Matrices
>>d=[2 3 4 5]; %Note ‘d’ may be row/column vector
>>A=diag(d) %diagonal of A (4x4) will be 2,3,4,5 and rest ‘0’
A =2 0 0 0
0 3 0 0
0 0 4 0
0 0 0 5
>>B=diag(d,1) %1st upper diagonal elements are vector d
A=
0 2 0 0 0
0 0 3 0 0
0 0 0 4 0
0 0 0 0 5
0 0 0 0 0

>>C=diag(d,-1) %1st lower diagonal elements are vector d

 Generation of special Matrices

>>x=[1 2 3; 4 5 6;7 8 9]; %Note x is a 3x3 matrix now

>>A=diag(x) %will give you the diagonal elements
A=
1
5
9

Note: diag(x,1)=>1st upper diagonal elements

diag(x,-1)=>1st lower diagonal elements
 Some useful commands for matrices
• >>A=[1 2; 0 4];
• >>det(A)%determinant of A
• >>rank(A) %rank of A
• >>trace(A) %sum of diagonal elements
• >>inv(A) %inverse of A
• >>norm(A) %Euclidean norm of A
• >>A’ %transpose of A
• >>x=A\b %left division
• >>poly(A) %coefficients of characteristic equation i.e (sI-A)
• >>eig(A) %gives eign values of A
• >>[v,x]=eig(A) %returns v=eign vector & x=eign values
• >>B=orth(A) %B will be orthogonal to A i.e. B’=B-1
• >>Find(A) %returns indices of non-zeros elements
• >>sort(A) %sort each column in ascending order
 Matrix and Array Operation
• Arithmetic operation on Matrix
>>A=[5 10; 15 20];
>>B=[2 4; 6 8];
Try these
>>C=A+B %or C=plus(A,B) addition
>>D=A-B %or D=minus(A,B) Subtraction
>>E=A*B %Multiplication
>>F=A^2 %Power
>>G=A/B %Right Division
>>H=A\B %Left Division

Example: Solve A.x=B where A=[2 4; 5 2] & B=[6;15]

Sol: x=A-1B=A\B
 Matrix and Array Operation
• Arithmetic operation on Arrays (Element by Element Operation)
>>A=[5 10; 15 20];
>>B=[2 4; 6 8];
Try these
Note: 1. Addition and subtraction are same
2. No of Rows and Columns of two matrices must be same
>>E=A.*B % Element by Element Multiplication
>>F=A.^2 % Element by Element Power
>>G=A./B % Element by Element Right Division
>>H=A.\B % Element by Element Left Division
 Rational Operators
• < Less than
• <= Less than equal to
• > Greater than
• >= Greater than equal to
• == Equal to
• ~= Not equal to

• Note: true =1; false =0, try: >>6>5 on MATLAB command window
 Logical Operators
• & Logical AND
• | Logical OR
• ~ Logical NOT, complements every element of an array
• xor Logical exclusive-OR
• Try these
>>x=[2 3 4];
>>y=[2 5 1];
>>x&y
>>x|y
>>m=~x % complements every element of an array
>>m=xor(x,y)

• Note: true =1; false =0, try >>6>5 on matlab command window
 Function with array inputs
• If input to a function is an array then function is calculated element-by-
element basis.

• Try this
• >>x=[0, pi/2,pi];
• >>y=sin(x)
• y=
0 1.0000 0.0000
• >>z=cos(x)
• z=
1.0000 0.0000 -1.0000
• Structure:
Structure Arrays
I. Collection of different kinds of data(text, number, numeric array etc), unlike
array which contain elements of same data type.
II. Again this is 1x1 structure array
• Try this
>>student.name=‘Kalpana Rawat’
>>student.rollno=44
>>student.marks=[45 33 15 18 0]
>>student
student =
name: 'Kalpana Rawat'
marks: [45 33 15 18 0]
rollno: 44
Note: Here student is structure name & name, rollno, marks are field name
 Structure Arrays
Student is a 1x1 structure array having 3 fields. To increase the size of structure
array define the second structure element of the array as

>>student(2).name=‘Kuldeep Rawat’;
>>student(2).rollno=57;
>>student(2).marks=[4 13 35 36 9];
>>student
student =
1x2 struct array with fields:
name
marks
rollno

Note: Here structure student will show you only field names
not filed values
 Structure Arrays
• Struct function
• A function struct can be used to define a structure array. Syntax is
Student=struct(‘filed1’,vaule1, ‘filed2’, value2,….)
• Previous structure example can be rewritten as

>> student=struct('name','Kalpana Rawat','rollno',44,'marks',[44 34 67 19 9])

>> student(2)=struct('name',‘Mallika Rawat','rollno',45,'marks',[22 14 27 29 0])
>> student
1x2 struct array with fields:
name
rollno
marks

Note: Nesting of structure is also possible i.e filed may be another structure
 Structure Arrays
• Obtaining data from structures
>>first_student_name=student(1).name
first_student_name =
Kalpana Rawat
>>first_student_rollno=student(1).rollno
first_student_rollno =
44
>>first_student_Marks=student(1).marks
first_student_Marks =
44 34 67 19 9
• Try these
>>Second_student_name=student(2).name
>>Second_student_rollno=student(2).rollno
>>Second_student_Marks=student(2).marks
 Cell Arrays
Cell Arrays: Array of Cells
>> sample=cell(2,2); %sample is a 2x2 cell array
Entering values in cell arrays
>> sample(1,1)={[54 37 59; 18 69 59; 72 27 49]};
>>sample(1,2)={'Mallika Tiwari'};
>>sample(2,1)={[2i,1-7i,-6]};
>>sample(2,2)={['abcd', 'efgh', 'ijkl']};

To display cell array sample in condensed form, type

>>sample
sample =
[3x3 double] 'Mallika Tiwari'
[1x3 double] 'abcdefghijkl'
 Cell Arrays
To display the full cell contents use celldisp function
>> celldisp(sample)
sample{1,1} =
54 37 59
18 69 59
72 27 49
sample{2,1} =
0 + 2.0000i 1.0000 - 7.0000i -6.0000
sample{1,2} =
Mallika Tiwari
sample{2,2} =
abcdefghijkl
 Cell Arrays
For graphical display use cellplot
>> cellplot(sample)
 Some useful commands of
structure & cell
• Cell2struct, syntax
sample_struct=cell2struct(sample, fields, dimen)

• Num2cell , syntax
c_array=num2cell(number)

• Struct2cell , syntax
c_array=struct2cell(sample-struct)
=