Unit 8 Functions & Graphs
F2N
Definition of a Relation
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Definition of a Relation
A Relation maps values from one subset to the of values another subset. A Relation is a set of ordered pairs. The most common types of relations in algebra map subsets of real numbers to other subsets of real numbers.
How to show relation?
Mapping diagram illustrates how each member of the domain is related with each member of the range Example: Draw a mapping for the following. (5, 1), (7, 2), (4, -9), (0, 2) (Note: First list values of x and y once each, in order.) x y
0 4 5 7
-9 1 2
4
1 2 3 4
5 6
7
8 9
The Rule is ADD 4 to the domain
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Ahmed
Peter Ali Jaweria
Paris
London Dubai New York Cyprus Has Visited
Hamad
There are MANY arrows from each person and each place is related to MANY People. It is a MANY to MANY relation.
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Person
Has A Mass of
Kg
Bilal
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Salma
Peter
Alaa
64
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George Aziz
In this case each person has only one mass, yet several people have the same Mass. This is a MANY to ONE relationship
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Is the length of cm object
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Pen Pencil Ruler
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Needle
Stick
Here one amount is the length of many objects. This is a ONE to MANY relationship
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FUNCTIONS
Only involve 2 kinds of relationship:-
Many to One Relationship
One to One Relationship
x2x+1
A
0 1 2 3 4 Domain 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Image Set (Range)
Co-domain
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f : x x 2 4 fx x 2 4
The upper function is read as follows:Function f such that x is mapped onto x2+4
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Lets look at some function Type questions
If
fx x 2 4 a n d g x 1 - x 2
F in d f2 F in d g 3 2 fx x2 4 2 =8
gx 1 - x2
3 3
= -8
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Consider the function fx 3x - 1
3x
Multiply by 3
We can consider this as two simpler functions illustrated as a flow diagram
Subtract 1
3x - 1
Consider the function f : x 2x 52
x
Multiply by 2
2x
Add 5
2x 5
Square all
2x 52
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Consider 2 functions
f : x 3x 2 and gx : x x2
fg is a composite function, where g is performed first and then f is performed
on the result of g. The function fg may be found using a flow diagram
square
x2
Multiply by 3
3x 2
Add 2
3x2 2
Thus f
= 3x2 2
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x2
3x 2
f
2 4 2 14
x f
3x2 2
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Consider the function Here is its flow diagram
fx 5x - 2 3
5x 5 x -2 Subtract 2
Multiply by 5
fx 5x - 2 3 Divide by three
Draw a new flow diagram in reverse!. Start from the right and go left 3 x +2 5 Divide by 5
3 x +2
Add two
3x Multiply by three
And so
f -1 x 3x 2 5
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Example
Find the domain and range of the relation.
{(5,12), (10, 4), (15, 6), (-2, 4), (2, 8 )}
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Example
Determine whether each relation is a function: A) {(1,2), (3,4), (5,6), (5,8)}
B) {(1,2), (3,4), (6,5), (8,5)}
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Functions as Equations
a) x y 4
2
b) x y 4
2 2
1. Solve for y in terms of x. 2. If two or more values of y can be obtained for a given x, the equation is not a function.
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Solve for y and determine if the equation is a function.
A) 2x + y = 6 B) x2 + y2 = 1
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Evaluating a Function
Common notation: f(x) = function Evaluate the function at various values of x, represented as: f(a), f(b), etc. Example: f(x) = 3x 7
Then, f(2) = f(3 x) =
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If f(x) = x2 2x + 7, evaluate each of the following.
a) f(-5) b) f(x + 4) c) f(-x)
Ans: a) 42 b) x2 +6x + 15 c) x2 + 2x + 7
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Determine if a relation is a function from the graph?
Remember: to be a function, an x-value is assigned to ONLY one y-value . On a graph, if the x value is paired with MORE than one y value there would be two points directly on a vertical line. THUS, the vertical line test! If a vertical line drawn on any part of your graph touches more than one point, it is NOT the graph of a function.
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To determine Graphs of Functions
Step 1: Graph the relation. (Use graphing calculator or pencil and paper.) Step 2: Use the vertical line test to see if the relation is a function. Vertical line test If any vertical line passes through more than one point of the graph, the relation is not a function.
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(b) (a)
(c)
(d)
(a) and (c)
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Determine if the graph is a function.
a)
y
b)
y 5
-5 -5 5 -5 -5 5
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Heres more practice.
c)
y
d)
-5 -5 5
-5 -5 5
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Can you identify domain & range from the graph?
Look horizontally. What x-values are contained in the graph? Thats your domain! Look vertically. What y-values are contained in the graph? Thats your range! Write domain and range using interval or setbuilder notation.
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What is the domain & range of the function with this graph?
a) Domain : (-, ), Range : (-, ) b) Domain : (-3, ), Range : (-, ) c) Domain : (-3, ), Range :(-3, ) d ) Domain : (-, ), Range : (-3, )
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Additional Example
Graph the function. Then estimate the domain and range.
f ( x) x - 1
f ( x) x - 1
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Finding intercepts:
x-intercept: where the function crosses the x-axis. What is true of every point on the x-axis? The y-value is ALWAYS zero. y-intercept: where the function crosses the y-axis. What is true of every point on the y-axis? The x-value is ALWAYS zero. Can the x-intercept and the y-intercept ever be the same point? YES, if the function crosses through the origin!
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Summary
Domain = x values Range = y values Use the vertical line test to verify if a graph is a function. To evaluate means to substitute and simplify. Intercepts where function crosses the xor y-axis
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