Chapter 1: Function
1. Relation
1.1(a) Introduction
Set → a collection of things with a common characteristic. Each of the things is known as an element.
Example 1:
List the following sets:
a) A represents the days in a week.
b) B represents the prime number.
c) C represents the even number.
d) D represents the factor of 24.
1.1(b) Introduction of Relation
Example: a) Sally is Tom’s mother.
b) 2 is the factor of 4.
c) Red is one of the colours of rainbow.
1.2(a) Domain, Codomain, Object, Image and Range
The relation between set A and set B is the matching of the elements in set A with the elements in set B.
A B
Table • • wood
Chair • • plastics
Mirror • • glass
• rubber
The relation between set A and set B is ‘made of’
Set A is the ________________ = { }
Set B is the ________________ = { }
The elements table, chair, mirror is _____________________
The elements wood, plastics, glass, rubber is___________________
The range is { }
1.2(b) Representing a Relation
A relation between set can be represented by:
i. Arrow Diagram
A B ii. Ordered Pairs
Table • • wood { }
Chair • • plastics
Mirror • • glass iii. Graph
• rubber
1
Example:
Given Set P = { 2, 3, 4 } and Set Q = { 4, 6, 7, 11 }.
a) Represent the relation ‘ is the factor of’ from Set P to Set Q by using:
i. arrow diagram
ii. ordered pairs
iii. a graph
b) State the range of this relation.
1.3 Types of Relations
a) One-to-one Relation c) Many-to-one Relation
Each object has only one image More than one object have the same image
A B A B
‘ is the square roots of ’ ‘ is an ’
4• •36 1• •odd
5• •25 2• number
6• •16 3• •even number
5•
b) One-to-many Relation
At least one object has more than one image d) Many-to-many Relation
At least one object in the domain has more
A ‘ is the multiples ofB’ than one image and also more than one
6• •2 object have the same image
25• •3
•5 B
A ‘ is smaller than ’
•3
3• •4
5• •5
•6
Example:
Identify the following type of relation:
a) B
A ‘ is the square of ’
•-1
4• •-2
9• •2
•3
b) {(1,1), (2,8), (3,27), (4,64), (5,125)}
c)
5
2
3
6 9 12 20
2. Function
2.1 Function as Special Relation
A function is a special relation where every object in a domain has only one image.
Example:
1. Which of the following relations is a function? Why?
a)
A ‘ has ’ B P ‘is greater than ’ Q M N
a) Mac • •28 days 5• •4
•5
April • •30 days b) 67 •• •6
Mei • •31 days
c)
‘is three times the value of ’
3• •1
6• •2
9• •3
12•
d) e) •x
6 a•
b• •y
4
•z
2
0 1 2 3
2. State the types of relation which is function.
2.2 Function Notation
Write the following function using notation.
a) ‘is the square root of ’ ‘ square is ’
b)
-3 9
c) x is the cost price of a product
5 25 -2 4
3 9 -1 1 and the market price is twice the
1 1 actual price.
2.3 Domain, range, object, and image of a function
B
A
a) •6
2•
3• •7
•11
b) 7 • ‘ is the factor of ’
5 50
6 60
2.4 Determining the image when object is given and otherwise
1. Find the image for each of the following object given:
3
x -2 0 1 4
f ( x )=3 x +2
4 x−7
g ( x )=
3
3
h ( x )=x +2
p ( x ) =|x−2|
2. Given the function f ( x )=x 2−4 x−8. Find
a) image of 2
b) object which has the image of -8
f ( x )=4. 4 x +k
c) value of x when 8. A function is defined as f ( x )= for all value of x
2 x−3
except x= p and k is constant.
a) State the value of p
3. Given f ( x )=ax+ b , f ( 4 )=16∧f ( 0 ) =4. Find b) Given value 5 is mapped onto itself under f . Find
a) value of a and b
i. Value of k
b) image of 3
ii. Another value of x which is mapped onto itself.
c) the object which is mapped onto itself
9. f ( x )=|3 x −6| for the domain
Sketch the graph of
4. Given g ( x )=sin 3 x .
a) find the image of 15 °∧30 ° .
−1 ≤ x ≤ 4. Find and state the suitable range for f (x).
2. Given the function f ( x )=x 2−4 x−8. Find
b) find the value of x when g ( x )=0.85 .
a) image of 2
b) object which has the image of -8
c) value of x when f ( x )=4.
q
5. Given f ( x )= px + , x ≠0 , f (6 )=14∧f ( 3 )=10.
x
Find the value of p and q. 3. Given f ( x )=ax+ b , f ( 4 )=16∧f ( 0 ) =4. Find
a) value of a and b
b) image of 3
c) the object which is mapped onto itself
6. The arrow diagram given shows a function of
15
f ( x )= .
ax +b 4. Giveng ( x )=sin 3 x .
a) Find the value of a and b. a) find the image of 15 °∧30 ° .
b) State the value of x which made b) find the value of x when g ( x )=0.85 .
the function f undefined.
q
7. Given g ( x )=−1−2 x . Find 5. Given f ( x )= px + , x ≠0 , f (6 )=14∧f ( 3 )=10.
x
a) Value m ifg ( m )=5 Find the value of p and q.
b) Value k if g ( k ) =4 k +2
c) Values of n if g ( n2 +1 ) =5 n−6
4
6. The arrow diagram given shows a function of
15
f ( x )= . 4 x +k
ax +b 8. A function is defined as f ( x )= for all value of x
a) Find the value of a and b. 2 x−3
b) State the value of x which made except x= p and k is constant.
the function f undefined. a) State the value of p
b) Given value 5 is mapped onto itself under f . Find
i. Value of k
ii. Another value of x which is mapped onto itself.
7. Given g ( x )=−1−2 x . Find
a) g ( m )=5
Value m if
b) Value k if g ( k ) =4 k +2 9. Sketch the graph off ( x )=|3 x −6| for the domain
c) Values of n if g ( n2 +1 ) =5 n−6 −1 ≤ x ≤ 4. Find and state the suitable range for f (x).
3. Composite Function
3.1 Determining the composite function
f g g f g g
Complete the table below:
fg(x) gf(x) ff(x) gg(x) fg(1) gf(1)
A f (x)= x+2
g ( x )=3 x
B f ( x )=3 x−2
g ( x )=10−5 x
C f ( x )=x−3
x
g ( x )=
4
D f (x)= x2
g ( x )=x+ 3
Is fg( x )=gf ( x )?
3.2 Determining the image or the object of a composite function
1. Given f : x →2 x+ 1and g : x → x2 −2. Find
a) the value of fg( 2) , f 2 ( −3 ) ∧gf (−1)
b) the value of x when fg ( x ) =5
c) the value of x if fg=gf
2. Given f (x)=3−4 x for domain −2 ≤ x ≤3 and function g( x )=2 x.Find fg and state its range.
5
3.3 Determining one of the functions when the composite function and the other function are given
1. Find the function g in each of the following when function f and composite function fg are given.
a) f (x)= x−3, fg( x )=2 x−2
b) f (x)=3 x−2, fg( x )=10−5 x
5
c) f ( x )=x +2, fg ( x )= +2 , x ≠ 0
x
d) f ( x )=2 x +3, fg( x )=4 x 2−7
2. Find the function f in each of the following when function g and composite function fg are given.
a) g( x )=x−2, fg ( x )=x 2−4 x+5
b) g ( x )=x+ 3, fg ( x )=x 2+ 6 x+11
c) g ( x )=2 x −1, fg ( x )=8 x 2−4 x+ 6
5 3
d) g ( x )=2 x +3 , fg ( x )= , x ≠−
2 x +3 2
4. Inverse Function
4.1 Finding object by inverse mapping
Diagram below shows the function f (x)=3 x .
Inverse function of f
x 3x x 3x
2• •6 2• •6
3• •9 3• •9
When we reverse the direction of the arrows, we found out that the relation maps the image 6 back to the object 2 and image 9 back to
object 3. This relation is called the inverse function of f and is written as f −1
Example:
The diagram below shows the function f (x)=3 x−1 . Find the value of object a and b from the inverse mapping.
x 3x-1
1•
•2
2•
•5
a•
•14
b•
•29
4.2 Determining the inverse function
x f y y f −1 x
1• •2 2• •1
2• •5 5• •2
3• •8 8• •3
4• •11 11 • •4
A B B A
6
If the direction of the arrow is inversed, a new function with domain B and range A is formed. This new function is called as inverse
function and represented by f −1.
Complete the table below and find the inverse function for f (x)=3 x .
f f −1
f (1)= f −1 (3)= Generally:
f (2)=
f (3)= If f (x)= y
f (4 )=
f (x)= f −1 (x)=
Then f −1 ( y )=x
Example:
1. Find the inverse function for:
a) f (x)=4 x +7 2 x
b) f ( x )=9− c) f ( x )= , x ≠3
x x−3
3 x−5
2. Given f (x)= find a) f −1 b) f −1 (3) c) f −1 (0)
2
3 x−5
3. Given f :x→ , x ≠ k , find a) value k b) f −1 c) f −1 (−2)
x−2
3
4. Given f : x →5−4 x and function g : x → , x ≠ 0. Find
x
a) f −1 b) g−1 c) f −1 g−1 d) gf e) ( gf )−1 f) ( f −1 )
2
g)
−1
( f 2)
2
Is ( gf )−1 =f −1 g−1 ? −1
h) i) Is ( f −1 ) =( f 2) ?
4.3 The condition of an inverse function g−1
x g
9• •3
3• •9 4• •2
2• •4
•-2
-2 •
Explain why an inverse function g−1 ( x ) = √ x is not a function.
Not all functions have inverse functions. A function has an inverse function if and only if the function is a ____________________relation.
Example
Determine whether the following is a function or not.
7
5 b) g ( x )=( x−1 )
2
x2
a) f ( x )= +3 c) h ( x )=
x 9
Questions
−1 bx +5
1. Given f ( x )=4 x +a and f ( x )= . Find a) the value of a and b b) Express for f −1 [ f ( x ) ]
4
mx−5 2 x +n
2. Given f :x→ , x ≠ 2 and function f −1 : x → , x ≠ 3. Find
x−2 x−3
a) The value of m and n
b) the values of p where f ( p)=2 p
3. Given f : x → p−qx . Find
a) f −1 ( x )in terms of p and q b) The value of p and q if f −1 ( 8 )=−1∧f ( 2 )=−7
x y z
4. The diagram given represents the mapping of y to x by the function f ( y )=hy +k and the mapping of
5
6 k
y to z by the function g ( y )= , y ≠ . Find -3 2
2 y −k 2
a) the value of k and h b) the function that maps x to y c) the function that maps x to z
