Algorithms & Computing

Lecture #7
Instructor: Jahan Zeb
Department of Computer Engineering (DCE)
College of E&ME
NUST
 Introduction

 Arrays
– Structures of related data items
– Static entity (same size throughout program)
 Arrays

 Array
– Consecutive group of memory locations
– Same name and type (int, char, etc.)
 To refer to an element
– Specify array name and position number (index)
– Format: arrayname[ position number ]
– First element at position 0
 N-element array c
c[ 0 ], c[ 1 ] … c[ n - 1 ]
– Nth element as position N-1
 Arrays

 Array elements like other variables

– Assignment, printing for an integer array c
c[ 0 ] = 3;
cout << c[ 0 ];
 Can perform operations inside subscript
c[ 5 – 2 ] same as c[3]
 

Arrays
Name of array (Note
that all elements of
this array have the
same name, c)

c[0] -45
c[1] 6
c[2] 0
c[3] 72
c[4] 1543
c[5] -89
c[6] 0
c[7] 62
c[8] -3
c[9] 1
c[10] 6453
c[11] 78

Position number of the

element within array c
 Declaring Arrays

 When declaring arrays, specify

– Name
– Type of array
• Any data type
– Number of elements
– type arrayName[ arraySize ];
int c[ 10 ]; // array of 10 integers
float d[ 3284 ]; // array of 3284 floats

 Declaring multiple arrays of same type

– Use comma separated list, like regular variables
int b[ 100 ], x[ 27 ];
 Examples Using Arrays

 Initializing arrays
– For loop
• Set each element
– Initializer list
• Specify each element when array declared
int n[ 5 ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
• If not enough initializers, rightmost elements 0
– To set every element to same value
int n[ 5 ] = { 0 };
– If array size omitted, initializers determine size
int n[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
• 5 initializers, therefore 5 element array
1
2 // Initializing an array.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5
6
7
8 #include <iomanip>
9
10
11
12 int main()
13 {
14 int n[ 10 ]; // n is an array of 10 integers
15
16 // initialize elements of array n to 0
17 for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ )
18 n[ i ] = 0; // set element at location i to 0
19
20 cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value" << endl;
21
22 // output contents of array n in tabular format
23 for ( int j = 0; j < 10; j++ )
24 cout << setw( 7 ) << j << setw( 13 ) << n[ j ] << endl;
25
26 return 0; // indicates successful termination
27
28 } // end main

Element Value
0 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
8 0
9 0
1
2 // Initializing an array with a declaration.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5
6
7
8 #include <iomanip>
9
10
11
12 int main()
13 {
14 // use initializer list to initialize array n
15 int n[ 10 ] = { 32, 27, 64, 18, 95, 14, 90, 70, 60, 37 };
16
17 cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value" << endl;
18
19 // output contents of array n in tabular format
20 for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ )
21 cout << setw( 7 ) << i << setw( 13 ) << n[ i ] << endl;
22
23 return 0; // indicates successful termination
24
25 } // end main
Element Value
0 32
1 27
2 64
3 18
4 95
5 14
6 90
7 70
8 60
9 37
 Examples Using Arrays

 Array size
– Can be specified with constant variable (const)
• const int size = 20;
– Constants cannot be changed
– Constants must be initialized when declared
– Also called named constants or read-only variables
1
2 // Initialize array s to the even integers from 2 to 20.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5
6
7
8 #include <iomanip>
9
10
11
12 int main()
13 {
14 // constant variable can be used to specify array size
15 const int arraySize = 10;
16
17 int s[ arraySize ]; // array s has 10 elements
18
19 for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ ) // set the values
20 s[ i ] = 2 + 2 * i;
21
22 cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value" << endl;
23
24 // output contents of array s in tabular format
25 for ( int j = 0; j < arraySize; j++ )
26 cout << setw( 7 ) << j << setw( 13 ) << s[ j ] << endl;
27
28 return 0; // indicates successful termination
29
30 } // end main

Element Value
0 2
1 4
2 6
3 8
4 10
5 12
6 14
7 16
8 18
9 20
1
2 // Using a properly initialized constant variable.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5
6
7
8 int main()
9 {
10 const int x = 7; // initialized constant variable
11
12 cout << "The value of constant variable x is: "
13 << x << endl;
14
15 return 0; // indicates successful termination
16
17 } // end main

The value of constant variable x is: 7

1
2 // A const object must be initialized.
3
4 int main()
5 {
6 const int x; // Error: x must be initialized
7
8 x = 7; // Error: cannot modify a const variable
9
10 return 0; // indicates successful termination
11
12 } // end main

d:\cpphtp4_examples\ch04\Fig04_07.cpp(6) : error C2734: 'x' :

const object must be initialized
1
2 // Compute the sum of the elements of the array.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5
6
7
8 int main()
9 {
10 const int arraySize = 10;
11
12 int a[ arraySize ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
13
14 int total = 0;
15
16 // sum contents of array a
17 for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ )
18 total += a[ i ];
19
20 cout << "Total of array element values is " << total << endl;
21
22 return 0; // indicates successful termination
23
24 } // end main

Total of array element values is 55

1
2 // Histogram printing program.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5
6
7
8 #include <iomanip>
9
10
11
12 int main()
13 {
14 const int arraySize = 10;
15 int n[ arraySize ] = { 19, 3, 15, 7, 11, 9, 13, 5, 17, 1 };
16
17 cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value"
18 << setw( 17 ) << "Histogram" << endl;
19
20 // for each element of array n, output a bar in histogram
21 for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ ) {
22 cout << setw( 7 ) << i << setw( 13 )
23 << n[ i ] << setw( 9 );
24
25 for ( int j = 0; j < n[ i ]; j++ ) // print one bar
26 cout << '*';
27
28 cout << endl; // start next line of output
29
30 } // end outer for structure
31
32 return 0; // indicates successful termination
33
34 } // end main

Element Value Histogram

0 19 *******************
1 3 ***
2 15 ***************
3 7 *******
4 11 ***********
5 9 *********
6 13 *************
7 5 *****
8 17 *****************
9 1 *