CEREBRUM

Dr. Jamila EL Medany

Dr. Essam Eldin Salama
 Objectives
At the end of the lecture, the student should be able to:
 List the parts of the cerebral hemisphere (cortex, medulla, basal
nuclei, lateral ventricle).
 Describe the subdivision of a cerebral hemisphere into lobes.
 List the important sulci and gyri of each lobe.
 Describe different types of fibers in cerebral medulla
(association, projection and commissural) and give example of
each type.
 Cerebrum Corpus callosum
 Largest part of the forebrain.
 Divided into two halves, the
(cerebral hemipheres),
which are separated by a
deep median longitudinal Left Right
fissure which lodges the falx hemisphere hemisphere
cerebri.
 In the depth of the fissure, the
hemispheres are connected
by a bundle of fibers called
the corpus callosum.

Median longitudinal fissure

 Surfaces

Superolateral Medial

Inferior (tentorial)
 Structure of Cerebrum

Cortex Basal
 Cerebral cortex: Superficial layer of ganglia
grey matter
 White matter (WM): Deeper to the WM
cortex, contain axons to and from
the cells of the cortex
 Basal ganglia: Number of nuclear
masses buried within the white
matter
 Lateral ventricle: The cavity of
hemisphere WM
Lateral
ventricle
 Lobes of Cerebrum
The superficial layer of grey matter is highly convoluted to form a complex
pattern of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci). This arrangement maximizes
the surface area of the cerebral cortex (about 70% is hidden within the depths of
sulci).
• Three sulci, consistent in
position, named central, lateral
(sylvian) & parieto-occipital,
divide each hemisphere into
FOUR lobes: Frontal, Parietal, S g
Temporal & Occipital (named
after overlying bones)
Functionally each hemisphere
contains a ‘limbic lobe’ on the
medial surface.
 Function of Lobes
reception and
motor function,
evaluation of
motivation,
sensory
aggression,
information
smell and mood

visual processing
emotions,
memory storage
& Linking
conscious
intellectual
functions with
the unconscious
autonomic smell, hearing,
functions, memory and
abstract thought
 Frontal lobe:  Parietal lobe:
 Precentral gyrus.  Postcentral gyrus.
 Superior & inferior  Intraparietal sulcus divide the lobe
frontal sulci divide the into superior & inferior parietal
lobe into superior, lobules.
middle & inferior Precentral
frontal gyri. Postcentral
gyrus gyrus

sfs Superior
parietal lobule
ifs
Inferior
parietal Intraparietal
lobule sulcus
Superior , middle &
inferior frontal gyri
 Superior, middle &
inferior temporal gyri

 Temporal lobe:
 Superior & inferior
temporal sulci giving rise
to superior, middle & sts
inferior temporal gyri. its
 Insula: the gyrus in the
insula
depth of lateral fissure,
covered by parts of
frontal, parietal &
temporal lobes called the
opercula (removed in
lower picture.).
 Medial Surface
 Sulci: Parietooccipital, Calcarine, Cingulate
 Gyri: Cingulate, Parahippocampal
 Brodmann’s Map
• Brodmann produced a
numbered, cytological
map of cerebral cortex
based upon its regional
histological characteristics
• Subdivisions with similar
cellular and laminar
structure are called 'areas'
• Brodmann's numbering of
these cortical locations
has become one of the
standard ways to identify
brain areas.
Functional Areas
of the
Cerebral Cortex
 Frontal Lobe
Premotor cortex: Located in the
region immediately anterior to the Primary motor cortex: Located in
precentral gyrus (Brodmann area
precentral gyrus (Brodmann’s area 6). 4).
Prefrontal cortex:
Extensive region of the
frontal lobe anterior to
premotor area.
Broca’s (motor
speech) area: Located
in the inferior frontal
gyrus of the dominant
hemisphere, usually left
(Brodmann’s area 44
& 45).

Frontal eye field: Located in the middle frontal gyrus immediately

in front of motor cortex (Brodmann’s area 8).
 Parietal lobe
Primary somatosensory cortex:
located in postcentral gyrus
(Brodmann’s area 1, 2, 3).

Parietal association cortex:

located posterior to primary
somatosensory cortex.

Occipital lobe
Primary visual cortex: located on
the medial surface of the
hemisphere, in the gyri
surrounding the calcarine sulcus
(Brodmann’s area 17).

Visual association cortex: located

around the primary visual cortex.
 Temporal Lobe Primary auditory cortex: located in
the superior surface of the superior
temporal gyrus (Brodmann’s area
41, 42)

Auditory association cortex:

located immediately around the
primary auditory cortex (also
includes Wernick’s area)

Parahippocampal gyrus:
located in the inferomedial
part of temporal lobe. Deep to
this gyrus lies the
hippocampus and the
amygdala, which are parts of
limbic system
 Language Area
 Organized around the lateral
fissure.
 Broca’s area: concerned with
expressive aspects of language.
 Wernick’s area: responsible
for comprehension of the
spoken words.
 Nearby regions of temporal
lobe and parietal lobe (angular
gyrus & supramarginal
gyrus of the inferior parietal
lobule) are important in
naming, reading, writing, and
calculation.
 Hemispheric Dominance
 The localization of speech
centers & mathematical ability is
the criterion for defining the
dominant cerebral hemisphere.
 In 96% of normal right-handed
individuals and 70% of normal
left-handed individuals, the left
hemisphere contains the Verbal Shape
Memory Memory
language centers. These are left
hemisphere dominant.
 Cerebral dominance becomes
established during the first few Hemispheres communicate
via the corpus callosum
years after birth.
 White Matter
 Underlies the cortex, contains nerve fibers, neuroglia cells and blood vessels.
 The nerve fibers originate, terminate or sometimes both, within the cortex.
 Depending on their origin & termination, these nerve fibers are classified
into three types: Association, Projection & Commissural

Association fibers: Unite

different parts of the same
hemisphere, are of two types:
long & short

Commissural fibers: Connect the

corresponding regions of the two
hemispheres
Projection fibers: Consist of
afferent and efferent fibers of
the cerebral cortex
 Association Fibers
 Short association fibers
connect adjacent gyri,
 Long association fibers
connect more distant parts Short association
and include: fibers
1. Uncinate fasciculus: connects
frontal to temporal lobe
2. Superior longitudinal
fasciculus: connects the frontal, 2
occipital, parietal, and temporal 5
lobes
3. Arcuate fasciculus: connect 3
gyri in frontal to temporal lobes
4. Inferior longitudinal fasciculus: 1
connects occipital to temporal 4
pole
5. Cingulum: connects frontal &
parietal lobes to the para-
hippocampal gyrus and
adjacent temporal gyri
 Commissural Fibers
 Connect the
corresponding regions of
1
the two hemispheres. 3
 Include:
1. Corpus callosum.
2. Anterior
commissure.
3. Posterior 2
commissure.
4. Hippocampal
commissure
(commissure of
fornix).
 Corpus Callosum
 Connects the corresponding Anterior
forceps
regions of the two
hemispheres except the
temporal lobes, that are
connected by anterior F
commissure
 It is shorter craniocaudally C
than is the hemisphere
 The callosal fibers linking the P
C
frontal poles curve forward
forming anterior forceps
(forceps minor)
 The callosal fibers linking the
O
occipital poles curve backward
forming posterior forceps
(forceps major) Posterior
forceps
 Parts of Corpus Callosum

Genu Splenium

Body

Rostrum
 Anterior Corpus callo
s um
 Posterior
commissure: Commissure:
connects the connects the left
inferior and and right
middle midbrain.
Thalamus
temporal gyri & Important in the
the olfactory bilateral pupillary
regions of the Midbrain reflex
two
hemispheres

 Hippocampal
Commissure: connects
the two hippocampi with
each other
 Projection Fibers
 Consist of Afferents & corona
Efferents of the cerebral radiata
cortex.
 Deeper to the cortex, these Internal
fibers are arranged radially capsule
as the corona radiata.
 Then the fibers converge crus
downward, form internal cerebri
capsule, between thalamus
and basal ganglia. pyramid
 Continue in the crus cerebri pyramidal
of the midbrain, basilar part decussation

of pons, & pyramid of

medulla oblongata.
 Internal Capsule
 Bundle of projection fibers, passes
through the interval between the
thalamus and the basal ganglia
C
 Has 5 parts:
1
1. Anterior limb: Thalamocortical & 2
L
Frontopontine fibers
3
2. Genu: corticobulbar fibers T

3. Posterior limb: Corticospinal, 4

Corticobulbar & Thalamocortical
fibers
4. Retrolenticular part:
Geniculocalcarine fibers
5. Sublenticular part (not shown):
geniculo-temporal fibers