IB Maths HL

1: Integrating the
Simple Functions
Objective
By the end of the
lesson, learners
should be able to
identify the
relationship between
derivatives and
integrations
 Integrating the Simple Functions

Before we look again at integration we need to

remind ourselves how to differentiate the simple
functions.
y dy What goes
dx here?

x n
nx n1
ex ex
1
ln x
x
sin x cos x
cos x  sin x
 Integrating the Simple Functions

We also need to know that multiplying constants just

“tag along”
dy
e.g. y  3 cos x   3 sin x
dx
and that terms like the above can be differentiated
independently when they appear in sums and
differences.
x 2
e.g. y  3 cos x  2e  4 x
dy
  3 sin x  2e x  8 x
dx
 Integrating the Simple Functions
Indefinite integration is just the reverse of
differentiation, so, reading the differentiation table
from right to left, we get: n 1
x
 
n 1 n n
nx dx  x  C x dx  C
n1
We don’t want to remember so we use
n 1
the formula with x ,
 Integrating the Simple Functions
Indefinite integration is just the reverse of
differentiation, so, reading the differentiation table
from right to left, we get: n 1
x
 
n 1 n n
nx dx  x  C  x dx  C
n1
x x
 e dx   C
e
1
x 
dx  ln x  C

ln x is only defined for x >cos

0, so sin x ln xC
x dxwe write

which means negative signs are ignored.

  sin x dx  cos x  C
 sin x dx   cos x  C
We don’t want the minus sign
 Integrating the Simple Functions

SUMMARY y
 y dx

x n x n 1
 C, n  1
n1
ex ex  C
1
ln x  C
x
cos x sin x  C
sin x  cos x  C

Which function is “missing” from the l.h.s. and why?

 Integrating the Simple Functions

SUMMARY y
 y dx

x n x n 1
 C, n  1
n1
ex ex  C
1
ln x  C
x
cos x sin x  C
sin x  cos x  C
We can’t yet integrate ln x since we haven’t found
a function that differentiates to give ln x .
 Integrating the Simple Functions
1
x
To find
dx we
2
Reminder:
write 2  dx
x
1
If, by mistake, we do a similar thing with
x dx
1
( forgetting that it gives ln x ), we get  x dx .
Then, using the 1st rule
0 Why is this impossible?
1 x
 dx  0  C
x
ANS: We can’t divide
by zero.
We will next practise using the integrals of the
simple functions by evaluating some definite
integrals and finding some areas.
 Integrating the Simple Functions
e.g. 1. Evaluate the following integrals:
2  2
1
(a)

e x dx
0
(b)

cos x dx (c)
0  1 x
dx

Solutions:

(a)

0
2
x
e dx  e  x 2
0

 e   e 
2 0

Be careful here . . .
Substituting x = 0 does not give 0.
 Integrating the Simple Functions
e.g. 1. Evaluate the following integrals:
2  2
1
(a)

e x dx
0
(b)

cos x dx (c)
0  1 x
dx

Solutions:

(a)

0
2
x
e dx  e  x 2
0 ye x

 e   e 
2 0

 e2  1

The integral gives the shaded area.

 Integrating the Simple Functions

In part (a) we needed to remember that 0

e 0

What other function are you likely to meet that

doesn’t give 0 when x = 0?

ANS: cos x since cos 0  1

 Integrating the Simple Functions

  sin x 0

(b)
 0
cos x dx Radians!

  sin     sin 0 
0
The definite integral can give an area, so this result
may seem surprising. However, the graph shows us
why it is correct.
This part gives a positive integral The areas above
and below the axis
y  cos x
are equal, . . .
but the integral
for the area
below is negative.
This part gives a negative integral
 Integrating the Simple Functions

  sin x 0

(b)
 0
cos x dx Radians!

  sin     sin 0 
0
The definite integral can give an area, so this result
may seem surprising. However, the graph shows us
why it is correct.
This part gives a positive integral How would you find
y  cos x the area?
Ans: Find the
integral from 0 to

and double it.
This part gives a negative integral 2
 Integrating the Simple Functions

  ln x 1
2
1

2
(c) dx
1 x


 ln 2  ln 1 
difference so we can now omit it.
 
Since the limits are positive, the mod sign makes no

 ln 2
 Integrating the Simple Functions

Exercises
Evaluate the following integrals:
1 
1.  1x 3 dx 2.
0
sin x dx

In each case sketch a graph and briefly explain how

your answer relates to area.
 Integrating the Simple Functions
Solutions: 1
1 3 x 
4
1. 1 x dx   
 4  1

1  ( 1) 4 
    
4  4 
0
yx 3 The areas above
and below the axis
are equal, but the
integral for the
area below is
negative.
 Integrating the Simple Functions

2.

0
sin x dx    cos x  0

   cos      cos 0 
N.B. cos 0  0
 1     1 
2
y  sin x The area is
above the axis,
so the integral
gives the
entire area.
Integrating the Simple Functions
 Integrating the Simple Functions

The following slides contain repeats of

information on earlier slides, shown without
colour, so that they can be printed and
photocopied.
For most purposes the slides can be printed
as “Handouts” with up to 6 slides per sheet.
 Integrating the Simple Functions

SUMMARY y
 y dx

x n x n 1
 C, n  1
n1
ex ex  C
1
ln x  C
x
cos x sin x  C
sin x  cos x  C
We can’t yet integrate ln x since we haven’t found
a function that differentiates to give ln x .
 Integrating the Simple Functions
e.g. 1. Evaluate the following integrals:
2  2
1
(a)

e x dx
0
(b)

cos x dx (c)
0  1 x
dx

Solutions:

(a)

0
2
x
e dx  e  x 2
0
y  ex
 e   e 
2 0

 e2  1

The integral gives the shaded area.

 Integrating the Simple Functions

  sin x 0

(b)
 0
cos x dx Radians!

  sin     sin 0 
0
The graph shows us why it is correct.
The areas above and below the axis are equal, but
the integral for the area below is negative.

This part gives a positive integral To find the area,

find the integral

from 0 to
2
y  cos x and double it.
This part gives a negative integral
 Integrating the Simple Functions

  ln x 1
2
1 2
(c)

1 x
dx

Since the limits are positive, the mod sign makes no

difference so we can now omit it.

  ln 2    ln 1 
 ln 2
N.B. When working out definite integrals we need to
remember that some functions don’t give 0 when x = 0.
In particular, 0
e  1 and cos 0  1