VALUES ,CONCEPTUAL MODEL AND
APPROACHES
INTRODUCTION
1. CONCEPT
◦ A word picture or mental idea of phenomenon.
◦ An image or symbolic representation of an abstract idea.
◦ Concepts are the building blocks for a conceptual framework or a theory
◦ Concepts may be empirical or abstract.
◦ Concepts are said to be empirical when they are observed or experienced
through the senses
◦ Abstract concepts are those that are not observable, such as hope and infinity.
o Chinn and Kramer (1999) define a concept as a "complex mental
formulation of experiences.
o "For example, stress, anxiety, pain or love, etc.
o Webster (1991) defines a concept as something conceived in the
mind-a thought or a notion. Concepts are words that present reality
and enhance our ability to communicate about it.
2. PROPOSITION
o Propositions are statements that explain the relationship between
the concepts.
3.MODEL
o Models are representations of the interaction among and between
the concepts showing patterns.
4. PARADIGM
A paradigm is a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns,
including theories, research methods, postulates, and standards
for what constitute legitimate contributions to a field.
5.METAPARADIGM
A metaparadigm refers to a conceptual outline, within which all
related concepts and theories develop. It is an all-inclusive,
encompassing unit. The metaparadigm of nursing would, hence,
include and explain all the concepts and theories related to the
field of nursing.
COMMON CONCEPTS METAPARADIGMS IN NURSING
THEORIES
◦ PERSON: Recipient of care, including physical, spiritual, psychological, and
sociocultural components. It can be individual, family, or community.
◦ ENVIRONMENT: All internal and external conditions, circumstances, and
influences affecting the person.
◦ HEALTH: Degree of wellness or illness experienced by the person.
◦ NURSING: Action, characteristics and attributes of person giving care. Each
of these concepts is usually defined and described by a nursing theorist, often
uniquely; although these concepts are common to all nursing theories.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
◦ Conceptual Framework = Concept + Framework
"Knitting concepts in a frame to have meaningful information."
◦ A written or visual presentation that:
"Explains either graphically, or in narrative form, the main things to be studied
the key factors, concepts or the presumed relationship among them".
(MILES AND HUBERMAN,1994).
Purposes of Conceptual Framework
Helps the researcher see clearly the variables of the study.
Serves as a basis for conducting research.
Helps in extending the knowledge about the existing nursing theories
and models.
Provide a general framework for data analysis.
Helps to understand the study concepts and their relationship with
each other to provide foundation for theory testing or theory
developmental research.
THEORY
◦ DEFINITION
◦ Kerlinger (1973) defines a theory as a set of interrelated concepts, definitions,
and propositions that present a systemic way viewing facts/ events by
specifying relations among the variables, with the purpose of explaining and
predicting the facts/events.
◦ Nursing theory is the term given to the body of knowledge that is used to
support nursing practice . A particular theory or conceptual framework directs
how these actions are carried out. The delivery of nursing care within the
nursing process is directed by the way specific conceptual frameworks and
theories define the person (patient), the environment, health and nursing.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A THEORY
Must be logical in nature.
Must be relatively simple yet generalizable.
Can be the basis for hypothesis that can be tested or to be explained.
Contribute to and assist in increasing the general body of knowledge within
the discipline through the implemented to validate them.
Can be used by practitioners to guide and improve their practice.
Must be consistent with other validated theories, laws and principles.
PURPOSES OF NURSING THEORIES
◦ In Practice
◦ In Education
◦ In Research
IMPORTANCE OF THEORY
Theory provides knowledge to improve practice by describing, explaining,
predicting and controlling phenomenon.
Theories increase the nurse's power of knowledge.
Nurses will have the evidences/rationale of what they are doing, if challenged.
Theories provide professional anatomy.
Nursing theory aims to describe, predict and explain the phenomenon of
nursing .
It should provide the foundations of nursing practice, help generate further
knowledge and indicate in which direction nursing should develop in the future
It helps us to decide what we know and what we need to know .
Better patient care, enhanced professional status nurses,
improved communication between nurses, and guidance for
research and education.
The main exponent of nursing. i.e. care of client, cannot be
measured, it is vital to have the theory to analyse and explain
what nurses do.
As medicine tries to make a move toward adopting a more
multidisciplinary approach to healthcare, nursing continues to
strive to establish a unique body of knowledge.
APPROACHES TO DEVELOPING NURSING THEORY
1. Borrowing conceptual frameworks
2. Inductive.
3. Deductive.
CLASSIFICATION OF NURSING THEORIES
◦ A. Depending on Function (Polit et al 2001)
◦ 1. Descriptive: To identify the properties and workings of a discipline.
◦ 2 Explanatory: To examine how properties relate and thus affect the discipline.
◦ 3. Predictive: To calculate relationships between properties and how they
occur.
◦ 4. Prescriptive: To identify under which conditions relationships occur.
B. Depending on the Generalizability of their Principles
1.Metatheory: The theory of theory. Identifies specific
phenomena through abstract
2 Grand theory: Provides a conceptual framework under which
the key concepts an identified.
3. Middle range theory: It is more precise and only analyses a
particular situation
4. Practice theory: Explores one particular situation found in
nursing. It identifies explicit goals to be achieved.
C. Based on the Philosophical underpinnings of the Theories
1.Needs Theories :
These theories are based around helping individuals to fulfill their
physical and mental needs.
2.Interaction Theories: As described by Peplau, these theories revolve
around the relationships nurses form with patients.
3.Outcome Theories: These portray the nurse as the changing force, who
enables individuals to adapt to or cope with ill-health .
4.Humanistic Theories:
Humanistic theories developed in response to the psychoanalytic thought
that a person's destiny was determined early in life.
NURSING PHILOSOPHIES
A. Theory
Florence Nightingale's legacy of caring Emestine Wiedenbach: The helping
art of clinical nursing
Virginia Henderson's definition of nursing
Faye G Abedellah's typology of twenty one nursing problems
Lydia E Hall: Care, cure, core model
Jean Watson's philosophy and science of caring
Patricia Benner's Primacy of caring
B. Conceptual Models and Grand Theories
Dorothea E Orem's self care deficit theory in nursing
Myra Estrin Levine's: The conservation model Dorothy E Johnson's behavioural
system model
Sister Callista: Roy's adaptation model
Betty Neuman's: Healthcare systems model
Imogene King's goal attainment theory
Hidegard E Peplau: Psychodynamic nursing theory
Joyce Travelbee's human to human relationship model
Kathryn E. Barnard's parent child interaction model
Ramona T Mercer's maternal role attainment
Katharine Kolcaba's theory of comfort
Madeleine Leininger's transcultural nursing, culture-care theory
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse's: theory of human becoming
Nola J Pender's: The Health promotion; model
MODELS ACCORING TO SPECIALITY AREA
◦Family Nursing
Family centred care
Self-care deficit.
◦Psychiatric Nursing
Roy's model of nursing.
◦Children's Nursing
Casey's model of nursing.
◦Perinatal Nursing
Ramona T Mercer's maternal role attainment.
Adult Nursing
Nightingale's model of nursing.
Roper, Logan and Tierney.
Orem's Model of Nursing. .
Community and Rehabilitation
Orem's Model of Nursing.
Critical Care Nursing
Synergy model of nursing.
Holistic Nursing
Rogers: Science of Unitary Human Beings.
SUMMARY
◦ Today we have studied about concept, conceptual framework and
their purpose, theory :its characteristics , purpose, importance and
approaches to develop nursing theory, various classification of
nursing theories and various nursing philosophies including
theories and conceptual model and grand theories.
CONCLUSION
◦ Nurses need philosophical and theoretical education in order to be aware of
human health and explain the complexity of the human experience of illness in
nursing , philosophy increase nurse ability to understand the phenomena and
and support nurses to think about their practice in the clinical area as well as in
the academics. Philosophy and science mutually benefits each other because it
produces framework for developing theories of human being.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
◦Conceptual models and theories: Developing a research framework
BeulahPremkumar1, ShirleyDavid2, VinithaRavindran3
◦Professor, College of Nursing, CMC, Vellore, India( YEAR 2017).
◦Abstract :Conceptual models and theories provide structure for research. Research
without a theoretical base provides isolated information which may not be used or applied
effectively. The challenge for nurse researchers is to identify a model or theory that would
a best fit for their area of study interest. In this research series article the authors unravel
the simple steps that can be followed in identifying, choosing, and applying the constructs
and concepts in the models or theories to develop a research framework.
A research framework guides the researcher in developing research questions,
refining their hypotheses, selecting interventions, defining and measuring variables.
Roy’s adaptation model and a study intending to assess the effectiveness of grief
counselling on adaptation to spousal loss are used as an example in this article to
depict the theory- research congruence.
RESULT: The framework that is developed for the study can guide the analysis and
will also help in interpretation of the finding.The research report can easily
incorporate the concepts in the(original model and also the developed framework
and can b< discussed in relation to current study findings. As the(researcher’s
background knowledge that is gained in the( framework development process is
elaborate, the concepts of: the model can guide the researcher to situate the findings
within the theoretical literature.
BIBILOGRAPHY
1. https://www.ijcne.org/article.asp?issn=2230-
7354;year=2017;volume=18;issue=1;spage=48;epage=53;aulast=Premkumar
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Philadelphia, Lippincott, 2001.
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