71 . You are asked by your instructor to differentiate between a leader and a manager.

Which one is
incorrect?
A. A leader is focused on purposes but a manager is focused on structures and processes.
B. A leader does the right thing and a manager does each task the right way.
C. A leader has a short term view while a manager views work in long term duration
D. A leader rely on trust while a manager relies on control

ANSWER: D. A leader rely on trust while a manager relies on control

RATIONALE:

A - A nurse leader oversees a team of nurses, making decisions and directing patient care
initiatives. They have advanced clinical knowledge and are focused on improving patient health
outcomes. Nurse managers are not typically involved in direct patient care; rather, they are
focused on managing daily operations and supervising staff.
B - Nurse leaders need to efficiently delegate tasks. Empathy and compassion are a must, since
they work directly with patients. Nurse managers must be able to juggle multiple priorities, they
are task-oriented individuals.
C - Leaders have intentionality. They do what they say they are going to do and stay motivated
toward a big, often very distant goal. They remain motivated without receiving regular rewards.
Managers work on shorter-term goals, seeking more regular acknowledgment or accolades.
D - The leader inspires trust whereas the manager relies on control. A leader is a person who
pushes employees to do their best and knows how to set an appropriate pace and tempo for the
rest of the group. Managers, on the other hand, are required by their job description to establish
control over employees, which, in turn, helps them develop their assets to bring out their best.
Thus, managers have to understand their subordinates well to do their job effectively.

REFERENCE/S: Essentials of Nursing Leadership and Management (fifth edition). Diane K.

72 . Supervision and delegation fall to what phase of the management process?

ANSWER: B. Directing

RATIONALE:

A - Organizing involves determining how activities and resources are to be assembled and
coordinated. Organizing produces a structure of relationships in an organization, and it is through
these structured relationships, plans are pursued.
B - It is the phase of the management process wherein the manager sets plans into action towards
attainment of organizational goals. It is likewise referred to as the coordinating or acting phase of
management. The components of the directing phase of the management process, Creating a
motivating climate, Establishing organizational communication, supervision, delegation, leader
ship
C - Controlling is measuring, comparing, finding deviation, and correcting the organizational
activities performed to achieve the goals or objectives. Thus, controlling consists of activities
 like; measuring the performance, comparing with the existing standard and finding the deviations,
and correcting the deviations.
D- Planning is decision-making regarding the goals and setting the future course of action from a
set of alternatives to reach them. Planning involves selecting missions and objectives and the
actions to achieve them. It requires decision-making or choosing future courses of action from
among alternatives.

REFERENCE/S:
https://study.com/academy/lesson/organizing-process-in-management-steps-lesson-
quiz.html#:~:text=During%20the%20organizing%20stage%2C%20he,evaluate%20and
%20monitor%20their%20progress.

73. What type of conflict refers to when there are two or more opposing incompatible demands that arise
and priority differences affect the resolution of the conflict.
B. Interpersonal conflict
B. Organizational conflict
C. Intrapersonal conflict
D. Answers A & B

ANSWER: C. Intrapersonal conflict

RATIONALE:
A - When two nurses disagree, an interpersonal conflict occurs.
B - Organizational conflict occurs when two or more departments in the same facility compete for
resources.
C - Intrapersonal conflict Occurs within an individual in situations in which he/she must choose
alternatives. It involves an internal struggle to clarify contradictory values or wants. A nurse
occasionally feels conflicted as her struggle to balance her job requirements with her personal life
and beliefs. In this situation, a nurse is experiencing intrapersonal conflict. Ethical dilemmas are
often a source of intrapersonal conflict, although nurses can experience it for other reasons. For
example, a nurse at work may have an intrapersonal conflict if her child is home sick, since she
feels an obligation to her employer and a need to be home with her child.

REFERENCE/S: Essentials of Nursing Leadership and Management (fifth edition). Diane K.

74. What is not a characteristic of an organizational chart?

ANSWER: B. It shows the workload of each personnel

RATIONALE:
A, C and D refers to employees that are given specific job descriptions delineating their roles and
responsibilities. Division of works is one of the characteristic of an organizational chart because it
is based from there area of expertise and It reflects the type of work of each staff is also based
 from there level of expertise and it delineates the groupings according to the type of work or
which department whom they are counted from the organization while workload of each
personnel does not include because organizational chart only shows given specific job
descriptions delineating their roles and responsibilities

REFERENCE/S:
https://www.simplilearn.com/leadership-vs-management-difference-article

75. What kind of staffing is considered the most common pattern and the oldest type?
D. Cyclical staffing
B. Full-time equivalent staffing
C. Conventional staffing
D. Decentralized staffing

ANSWER: C. Conventional staffing

RATIONALE:
Conventional – centralized- decentralized combination are the most oldest and most common
method of staffing

REFERENCE/S:
https://www.americannursinghistory.org/models-nursing-care

76 . This type of study, which determines what the research knows about that topic, is the highest level of
evidence.
A. Program evaluation
B. Meta-analysis of multiple controlled studies
C. Individual experimental
D. Quasi-experimental

ANSWER:

RATIONALE:
A - Program evaluation is research designed to assess the implementation and effects of a
program. Its purposes vary and can include program improvement, judging the value of a
program, assessing the utility of particular components of a program, and meeting accountability
requirements. Through these, program evaluation is viewed as a way of rationalizing policy
decision-making.
B – Level 1. The systematic review or meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and
evidence-based practice guidelines are considered to be the strongest level of evidence on which
to guide practice decisions.
C–
D - Level III . Evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomization (i.e.
quasi-experimental).

REFERENCE/S:
https://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2362/Research-Methods-SCHOOL-
PROGRAM-EVALUATION.html
https://libguides.nvcc.edu/evidence-based-practice/levelsofevidence#:~:text=The%20systematic
%20review%20or%20meta,which%20to%20guide%20practice%20decisions.
77. Nurse Kin Tuman is a staff nurse at the OB ward. She is contemplating on conducting research that
will improve patient care. She is interested in conducting research on the effectiveness of health education
in minimizing anxiety among pregnant mothers before their labor and delivery. What is the appropriate
research method for this?
A. Qualitative research
B. Meta-analysis
C. Experimental research
D. Survey method

ANSWER: A. Qualitative research

RATIONALE:
A - Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting non-numerical
data, such as language. Qualitative research is multimethod in focus, involving an interpretive,
naturalistic approach to its subject matter.
B – Meta-analysis is a quantitative, formal, epidemiological study design used to systematically
assess previous research studies to derive conclusions about that body of research. Meta-analysis
refers to the statistical analysis of the data from independent primary studies focused on the same
question, which aims to generate a quantitative estimate of the studied phenomenon, for example,
the effectiveness of the intervention.
C - Experimental research is a scientific approach to research, where one or more independent
variables are manipulated and applied to one or more dependent variables to measure their effect
on the latter.
D - A survey method is a process, tool, or technique that you can use to gather information in
research by asking questions to a predefined group of people. Typically, it facilitates the
exchange of information between the research participants and the person or organization
carrying out the research

REFERENCE/S:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2019.00203/full

https://www.formpl.us/blog/experimental-research

https://www.formpl.us/blog/survey-methods

78. Nurse Baba Napug-a identified her respondents. She made a timeline from January to December as
the duration of her research. She will only include mothers who are married, primi-gravid and finished
college and at least 40 years old. What method of sampling did the nurse researcher used?
A. Random sampling
B. Purposive sampling
C. Systemic sampling
D. Quota sampling

ANSWER:

RATIONALE:
A - Random sampling refers to a variety of selection techniques in which sample members are
selected by chance, but with a known probability of selection. Random sampling is a part of the
sampling technique in which each sample has an equal probability of being chosen.
 B – She made her own duration and choose her own population, thus, it is purposive sampling
technique in which researcher relies on his or her own judgment when choosing members of
population to participate in the study.
C - Systematic sampling is a probability sampling method in which a random sample, with a
fixed periodic interval, is selected from a larger population.
D - Quota sampling is one form of a nonprobability or judgmental sampling design used to
acquire data from population subgroups. In quota sampling, participants or locations are selected
no randomly according to a fixed quota or percentage of the population based on one or more
characteristics.

REFERENCE/S:
https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/encyclopedia-of-survey-research-methods/n440.xml

https://www.statisticshowto.com/purposive-sampling/

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/systematic-sampling.asp

https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-encyclopedia-of-educational-research-
measurement-and-evaluation/i17140.xml

79. Tetsuya, theresearcher formulated a questionnaire to find out their personal profile and other
important data from the respondents who are diabetic pregnant mothers. What advantages of a
questionnaire?
A. The questionnaire is easy to construct
B. Distribution is easy and expensive
C. Responses are difficult to tabulate
D. Respondents can fill out questionnaire by force

ANSWER: A. The questionnaire is easy to construct

RATIONALE:
A – A Questionnaire is comparatively an easier method to plan, construct and administer. It does
not require much technical skill or knowledge. Questionnaire is no doubt the most flexible tool in
collecting both quantitative and qualitative information.
B - Questionnaires are inexpensive, questionnaires are one of the most affordable ways to gather
quantitative data., The cost of conducting the study with the help of questionnaire method is very
low. In questionnaire the researcher has to spend for paper printing and postage only. So it does
not require high cost for conduct of the research.
C - Questionnaire does not permit much of variation. Response values are prelisted in the survey
for the respondent to choose from, allowing for simple tabulation of the results without the need
for complex data. Also, research collected in numerical form that can be counted, are easy to
tabulate.
D – The respondents has their rights whether to answer the questionnaire or not. If you require or
force them to do so, they will likely either choose a random response or just abandon your survey
entirely.

REFERENCE/S:
https://surveyanyplace.com/blog/questionnaire-pros-and-cons/
80. Koruko, the nurse researcher conducted a research employing the use of Yerba Buena in treating
wounds. After conceptualizing her problem, she formulated her hypothesis. Hypothesis is intended to test
whether a certain proposition is accepted or rejected. Which of the following is a directional hypothesis?
A. There is no significant relationship between the use of health education in minimizing the
anxiety among pregnant mothers.
B. There is a significant relationship between the use of health education in minimizing the level
of anxiety among pregnant mothers.
C. Mothers who are given health education will result into a lower level of anxiety than those
mothers who will not receive health education.
D. Mothers will have a better understanding of their health condition after health education.

ANSWER: C. Mothers who are given health education will result into a lower level of anxiety
than those mothers who will not receive health education.
RATIONALE:
A directional hypothesis is This prediction is typically based on past research, accepted
theory, extensive experience, or literature on the topic.

A – A is an example of null hypothesis, since its states that there is no relationship between the
two variables being studied or one variable does not affect the other.
B – B is an example of alternative hypothesis, since it states that there is a relationship between
the two variables being studied or one variable has an effect on the other.
C - C is a directional hypothesis, since it predicts the nature of the effect of the independent
variable on the dependent variable. In short a prediction was made regarding about the difference
between two variables of a population.
D – D is an example of a simple hypothesis, since it predicts the relationship between two
variables
REFERENCE/S:
https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/encyc-of-research-design/n114.xml