Subject City

Goa (500km south of Bombay)

 Cities as engines of growth are unsustainable in a sustainable world. The India living and developing tissue. The city is no longer a ‘parasite’ - in the next urban
team explores RUrbanism as a replicable alternative for Panjim, the tropical coastal revolution it becomes a net primary producer.
capital of Goa. Located between the coast and a global biodiversity hotspot, Panjim
demonstrates the potential for an indigenously-led sustainability transition using A high quality of life reduces consumerism and physical flows, creating a vibrant
renewable energy, water and energy conservation, and regional food production. This urban culture within this dense yet dispersed city, built around local communities and
is enabled by a strong local culture of sufficiency, decentralized governance and ‘Factor institutions of governance - balancing a bounded ecological footprint with economic
4’ technologies. pragmatism and social acceptability. Poverty, income and entitlement deprivation - the
bane of 20th century urban India - decline as equity, efficiency and sustainability
Regional economic opportunities in bio-technology, ICT and eco-tourism are increase.
significant. But the acceleration of the traditional Goan pace of life accompanied by
development of mining, polluting industry and changing climate are a threat to Goa’s Most crucial, this sustainability transition is financially viable, and can be initiated
syncretic culture, livelihoods, world famous beaches and potable ground water. now using an integrative framework of design that views cities as ecosystems.

Growth-as-usual focused on export-driven economy will lead to massive

immigration, poverty and resource overshoot, generating cancerous urban sprawl and
collapse of environmental services. An alternative living systems approach could, by
2050, allow up to 120 million Indians (8% of population) to live on the western coast
(5% of land), meeting people’s basic needs without endangering biodiversity.

This living future subsists on renewable energy, recycled rainwater and a primarily
vegetarian diet from terrestrial and marine sources. Intelligently networked personalized
public mobility systems provide safer, faster and cheaper service than the inefficient
personal car. Water-energy-biomass security and limited travel time determine land
cover and use; determines the extents, density and morphology of networked urban
nuclei, allowing decentralized management of resources.

The river, sea and forests are interwoven into the urban fabric. Instead of cities
colonizing ecosystems to create fractured natural landscapes, dense urban islands
evolve and melt into a sea of biodiversity. Viable, living urban nuclei celebrate the static
and dynamic in this city and adapt to changing populations, lifestyles and technology.

Yet this living city is not an island: its metabolism is interlinked to surrounding
ecosystems and its people and culture networked to other viable urban cells to form a

199
Cities . . .
. . . in south Asia and the coastal tropics
The blood of the villages is the cement with which the edifice of the cities is built. - M K Gandhi The World will be predominantly urban in the first quarter of the 21st century.
Cities have been engines of growth of empire, trade and culture for over 5,000 years. 17, 58 These human
artifacts extract resources from across the planet and transform them within complex ecologies. 12, 29, 57

The secret of the sustainability of ancient Indian Much of this growth and urban innovation will be in Asia,
cities lay in : along the coasts and in the tropics. 47, 81
• a balanced regional RUrban hierarchy
• a high regional self-sufficiency for food,
• water and energy
• a culture of community and sufficiency, and
• a long inter-generational view of the future
Many cities have lived for over a millennium,
Mega-cities like Bombay are
evolving functions and forms very different from that of
creationsof global trade, industrial
the westernized industrial city. 57, 90
They also spew waste into the growth and empire, but are
South Asia has witnessed many cycles of energy
ecosystem threatening living systems across inherently unsustainable. 29, 57
urban expansion and decline since 3500 BCE.73
the globe 29,60

Addressing endemic urban poverty; a fossil fuel addicted metabolism

and dispersal of huge ecological footprints will require a new urbanism:
networked, human-scale and low-throughput.

This new urbanism isonly

possible in smallerurban centers
like Panjim, Goa

Ar
e
citie
s
unsu
stain
able
in a
sust
aina
ble
worl
d?
Global futures need to be examined . . .
The 21st century will be marked
by world population
stabilisation at up to 10 billion;
severe regional freshwater stress,
health and food security challenges;
loss of most natural forests; rising CO2
concentrations and sea-level rise in an
era of unprecedented rise in human
wealth, knowledge and quality of
life for a few. 40, 50, 69, 82, 86, 91 Scenario Structure with Illustrative Patterns

Some of these alternative futures have

huge economic, social and environmental
The role of the nation-state, global

GOA 2100
costs. Others are more benign and potentially
corporations and civil society will be
liberating for the bulk of humanity in keeping
redefined as world-cities and regions
with the Millennium Development Goals
jockey for dominance in a
and Agenda 21. 15, 21, 80, 82

02
networked world. 14, 44, 70, 76, 79
Most current analytical methods
Resolving this may lead to a re-alignment of the are inadequate to explore this
global political economy and the redefinition of many terrain. Scenario-based
dynamic modelling is the most
social, management and environmental sciences into
advanced available tool to
a new Sustainability theory and practice. 9, 11, 32, 72, 24 explore the
multiple bifurcations and
uncertainty associated with these
The IPCC-SRES futures.
scenarios provide
The intensity of these trends can vary
some indication of possible trajectories
considerably based on the ethical, socio-economic, for India and Goa over the 21st century.
technological and governance-related choices The B2 scenario was chosen as the
most appropriate to benchmark the Goa
we make. 10, 50
2100
design against. The SEI-Tellus Polestar
model was also used to explore long-range
regional possibilities apart
from a custom model building
This will lead to new conflicts and alliances induced by the effort for Greater Panjim.
increasing co-option of net primary production, fossil fuels, wealth
and the lifetimes of poorer populations by knowledge and
technology-enabled societies. 20, 25, 39, 87

. . . because a sustainable city cannot exist in an unsustainable world

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 India: the challenge of Sustainability
Indian RUrbanism
Let us, set the … national vision (for India) … to make it one of the largest economies of the world, where the countrymen live well above the poverty line, their
education and health is of high standard, … bringing all-round prosperity and … the ability to sustain and improve these over very long periods of time ...
— A P J Abdul Kalam, space scientist and President of India 1
Technology: often heightens
contradictions, but will provide fillip to
export- led growth and the development of
domestic markets. 1, 3, 49

Slowdown of urbanisation: India lives in its

villages.
Its population may stabilize at fewer than 1.5
Overpopulation: Poverty, dirty industry and Land: most forests will be lost to cropland, but food billion by 2050 with a rural majority. Urbanisation
overpopulation put increasing pressure on the security may be maintained with post-Green revolution eco- (now under 30%) has been decelerating for 20 years,
environment. Low levels of human development, technologies and empowerment of local communities. 4, 16, 78 even though the country has the second largest
inadequate fossil fuels and investment capital Water: Over 70 percent will live in water stress, Conflict: international, regional, inter- population in the world.
and degrading public institutions constrain conjunctive use, agricultural end-use efficiency, zero- community - hovers below the surface,
GOA 2100

economic development. This poverty of physical emission urban and industrial eco-technology and local erupting in occasional spasms of violence.
and human resources and good governance lies regulation and social control can change this. 5, 16, 28, 78 New social movements rise to address
at the core of the sustainability debate. 3, 16, 54, 61, perennial challenges of caste, gender,
03

66, 85
religious and ethnic exploitation. 18, 33
Nevertheless, food self-sufficiency, a Environment: carrying Good governance: with the weakening
rapid growth in literacy and the growth of capacity will be severely strained. of the State, onslaught of global forces and
renewable energy use and water Contracting ecological footprints erosion of social and public institutions will be As the only tropical
conservation and are positive signs. while maintaining entitlements for challenging. team in this
the vulnerable, using Factor 4 Devolution, empowerment of women, competition, a
efficiency, effective regulation and shortlist of eight
communities and minorities and the rise of
possible (less than a
social control on consumerism will new political formations may lead to a new million population)
be necessary. 16, 88, 89 plural political settlement. 18, 35 cities was developed
across India.
A detailed analysis helped select Panjim, Goa as
Development: Over 200 million Cities will be the fulcrum of these representative of the region and international context,
poor people will live in India - social, economic and environmental with its coastal location, rich biodiversity and
the largest concentration in the transformations resource base, post-colonial and convivial culture.
world.
Sustainable livelihood Keeping a balance between the urban and the rural - RUrbanism - is the central challenge of
initiatives alone can reduce, but not sustainable urbanism in India. This project demonstrates that this new urbanism is possible - one that
Energy: this century will be based on gas, eliminate poverty. Expanding values human time and meaningful work, reduces poverty and deprivation, redefines consumption and
coal and an enlarging niche for renewable literacy and health will facilitate shrinks ecological footprints - by balancing relationships between natural, physical, financial and human
energy. Improved accessibility and functioning social change and help stabilize capital in a way that frees human time to create economic wealth, well-being and high culture.
markets will enable balanced regional population. 1, 78
development. 4, 49, 77
Replicable, tropical coastal RUrbanism can be demonstrated
202
Greater Panjim (GP)
Panjim, the capital of the small western Indian state of Goa with an urban
area of about 170 sq. km. and a population of 113,000. This urban, RUrban, rural
and marine agglomeration is the chosen unit of analysis and design. 7, 34
Old Goa: a 15th century world-city,
Located in the lower watersheds of the Mandovi river basin facing the Arabian
capital of the colonial Portuguese
Sea, its rich natural resource base and community-centric culture provides a empire, abandoned because of
powerful basis for an indigenously lead transition using renewable energy, gas, local repeated epidemics linked to poor
food production with water and energy conservation. This is made possible by a adaptation to the tropical
environment, is now
culture of sufficiency and local governance, where non-material needs can be met
a world heritage site.7
non-materially. 7, 19, 74
Water and nature areas are interwoven into the urban fabric, yet both
traditional and contemporary elements are well-balanced and integrated. 7

GOA 2100
04
As a coastal city,
it faces the loss of
prime land, world
famous beaches,
and potable
ground water due
to global warming
and rising sea
levels
203
 Greater Panjim: future scenarios Goa 2100 scenarios have been adapted from a set of global
and national scenarios produced by RIVM, the Global
Scenario Group and TERI. They have been significantly
Goa is a small self-contained ecological Hence, multiple potential development
adapted to match the reality of Goa, but are still only
and cultural region that has retained its pathways are now opening. Three were illustrative and not definitive.
identity in spite of almost 500 years of colonial selected for more rigorous analysis and
rule. design by this project.
Change has been relatively slow in the Each performs very differently in
state, but that is altering rapidly. Opportunities achieving sustainability of long-term
are appearing in the IT, bio-technology and resource security: 2, 4, 65, 75
eco-tourism sectors. 34
GOA 2100
05

Business-as-usual (BAU) Sustainability Transition Policy Reform

Maintaining a contemporary trajectory of reactive development, A radical departure led by a process of intense community A good governance, community and environment centric pathway
leading to rapid economic, population and urban growth driven largely consensus building to rejuvenate local governance leading to: urban that attempts to restrict population growth, improve human
by in-migration in search of the fabled Goan lifestyle, leading to the consolidation to reduce footprints and return to human-scale; integrated development and implement a local Agenda 21 while seeking to
devastating the environment and the easy-going ‘fish, curry and rice’ regional agro-forestry and ecosystem regeneration; transformation of attract investment in clean industries (e.g. tourism and IT). Quality of
Konkani culture, leaving Panjim looking like the corridor towns that energy and water systems, transportation and communication life above the national average, but unplanned development and
ring Bombay by 2050 networks; building a high-tech green economy and transforming the urban sprawl, the global blight of consumerism, degraded beaches
identity of the city. A medium-term redevelopment plan receives and crowded roads makes Goa just another destination on the
The city is conceived within its ecological region, the entire international funding as commercially viable. Panjim becomes one of backpacker and charter tour map.
Mandovi basin, from the hills of the Western Ghats to the ocean, the top-5 quality of life cities in the Asia-Pacific region by 2030.
with about six times the area of the city and about twice its
population. 7, 53

Sustainability demands that the regional ecological footprint lies within the Mandovi basin
204
Business-as-usual (BAU) scenario leads to economic and population growth . . .

GOA 2100
06
Competition for scarce resources leads to social
conflict which undermines the potential of an export-led . . massive immigration, poverty and resource overshoot,
growth strategy. generating cancerous urban sprawl and collapse
of environmental services
205
 Instead, a Sustainability Transition …
Resource security and
contained demand makes
energy, resources and savings
Renewable energy, available for efficient technology
sustainable transport and IT - recycling, reproduction,
links enable consolidation of maintenance and de-
smaller urban nuclei, while construction - and the sunrise
dynamic components can swell sectors of biotechnology, IT,
or shrink, allowing interplay of advanced materials, human
city, forest and field6, 30, 38 contact and info-edutainment
GOA 2100
07

Based on creating governable cells with viable urban nuclei* that

develop according to resource availability, natural limits of pedestrian Rural areas become
mobility, and shared neighborhood cultural identity, creating an efficient, viable in their own right with
adaptive, low-stress infrastructure 6, 13, 53, 64, 68 employment and quality of life
A viable city, providing that is better than the city6, 48
* Not growth nuclei, but like living cell nuclei, serving specific high-density primary ecological and economic
functions. services to its region 52, 56
A viable nucleus in this economic and geographic context contains 10,000-
30,000 people,
networked into a set of meta-communities forming a tissue of RUrban fabric

. . . in dynamic balance with its region, state, nation and the world . . .
206
. . . responsive, robust, evolutionary . . .
Resilient to long term and unpredictable environmental changes 6, 9

GOA 2100
08
Land use changes in response to low-throughput demand, ecological potential and
contiguity, within a long-term management framework controlled at cell, city and regional
levels.

. . . and sufficiently complex to withstand changes in population, business cycles and social transformation . . .
207
 . . . can allow 120 million people* to live on India’s western coast . . .
Like all living systems, this living future subsists on renewable energy and sustainable food from terrestrial and offshore sources 41,56

Coastal cities have the great advantage of utilizing marine resources. Panjim
is no exception. Some terrestrial resource deficits (e.g. renewable energy) can be
Six subsystems:
made up by using the additional coastline. 5
Governance
Work
Food
Water
Energy
Mobility The living city is not an island: its
metabolism is interlinked to
surrounding ecosystems and its
people and culture networked to
other viable urban cells to form a
living and developing tissue, a net
primary producer, not a
parasitic system 13, 29, 38, 53
GOA 2100
09

Instead of cities colonizing

ecosystems to create fractured natural
landscapes, dense urban islands emerge
and melt into a sea of biodiversity.

Poverty, income and

entitlement deprivation - the bane
of urban India - decline as
participation and equity in
economic and A high quality of life and vibrant culture is possible
social life increases 3, 31, within a dense but dispersed and dematerialized
36, 37
settlement structure, integrating a respect for ecological
footprint with economic pragmatism. This is financially
viable, and can be done now. 2, 10

*8% of India’s population in 2050 on 5% of its land . . . meeting people’s basic needs without endangering biodiversity
208
This shall require decentralized, networked, informed Governance
In Goa, the communidade was the traditional unit of viable village self-governance, organized around Empowered to raise taxes and control land use, this basic cell becomes autonomous on local issues.
an oligarchy of consensus and not adversarial franchise, controlling lands and managing water and The city addresses inter-communidade and regional governance, while fiscal federalism enables a viable
public works in an ecologically consistent and socially equitable manner. 7.34 link with the state and nation.

The structure of
governance is cellular, hence
viable at all scales

GOA 2100
Overlaid by modern elected local councils, communidades are a Communidades will be
shadow of their former selves. A new Constitutional amendment and restructured around ecological and
transparency law provides the space and powers to change this. 62 resource boundaries to enable better

10
governance and viability. 23 villages
will consolidate into 14 communidades
A primary organizing principle for a Sustainability Transition over time, reflecting topography and
would be to transform and empower these communidades resource boundaries, and changes in
technology and communication.

Connected by infrastructure and information networks,

communidades can have a dynamic urban or rural
character,
adapting functional specialization to need
209
 A Sustainability Transition builds convivial livelihoods and values
Spatio-temporal boundaries between home and office, field A new vocabulary of work and time-use: LifeTimes is a human capital currency for a sustainable economy.
and forest blur with broadband wireless communication, virtual • Living
reality and sustainable transportation systems. • Growing
• Processing
• Exchanging, including:
• Trade: retail and financial
• Moving: people, goods and information
• Info-edutainment: learning, media, and entertainment
• Human contact: healing, caring, re-creating
• Cleaning and maintaining
• Governance: community, state, national

LifeTime is measured in person hours, which can be traded to pay for

human and professional services: from waste recycling and health care to
Remote and virtual work allows seamless office work from entertainment.
RUrban areas and agro-forestry in urban forests and home With IT and e-commerce, support successful time-sharing programmes
gardens. 14 run across the world. Some even interface with conventional occupations
GOA 2100

Yet, working with one’s hands is an honored part of with a wage premium on special education, skills and some livelihoods
everyday life - within socially determined bounds.
• growing food;
11

• tending the coconut palms and cashew orchards; Progressive Livelihood policies
• recycling waste water in ecological sewage treatment Universal secondary education, but expensive tertiary education
facilities;
financed via future earnings Gender neutral occupation structure and equal
• protecting the mangroves and forests;
sharing of home making and childcare Time use patterns structured to
that provides rice, coconut, water and fish to the city As is the -
value the building of:
• monthly production of a 1 MW wind
• Personal human capital (via learning and study) and
• turbine for export to Japan from Ella;
• Social capital (via participation in community service and governance)
• stem cell therapy from the high-value
• medical biotechnology unit at Chorao;
Enabling cultural practices
• world-famous Panjim music conservatory that has
Children don’t work, except older children in community service Child
• daily web-casts with its conductor who works from Berlin;
support is the right and duty of all adults The aged only work at teaching,
• twenty-year long conservation effort at the Old Goa
community service, governance and child care All adults are involved in:
• world heritage site and the pre-colonial temple tanks on Diwar;
• Play, exercise and leisure for a physically and mentally active life
• ten-minute long trip to watch birds fishing as the tide goes
• Life-long learning with a time contribution to teaching-learning@
• down in the Salim Ali bird sanctuary
Industrial labor markets exclude and limit human development • Governance and community service to ensure a balance between paid
through competition between unequals. In a services-led economy and other time use
flexible patterns of work, exchange, leisure and learning develop A socially mandated upper bound on the ratio between highest and
displacing outmoded forms of wage compensation. 14 lowest mean wages Discounting of LifeTimes permitted only over a
In law and principle, the value of each person’ life is similar to every others - if the accumulation and use of time can be appropriately person’s life, not transferable between generations
tracked. 51

Greater Panjim: the evolution of the New Economy in action A new livelihood metric for a new Age
210
Even 3 meters of rain in a rice-eating culture is not enough . . .
Land, food and water availability are intimately connected, hence their importance to sustainable resource planning. 4, 25, 27, 53, 56

Indians (and Goans) have 3,200 sqm of land per capita, which shall reduce to about 2,000 sqm by 2050 - one-third of ‘overpopulated’ Europe. Sustainable cities in India have to be secure and self-sufficient for urban
Therefore, the Goan water ration = 2,000 sqm x 2500 mm/yr = 13,600 liters per person per day (lpcd). water, which is only about 15% of total water use. With the Sustainability
Half of the land being flat and one-third of the water harvestable, yields only 1.1 kg of rice per person per day! Transition, Greater Panjim will import food from its region, providing goods and
Without permaculture linked to multi- services in return.
stage aquaculture and a vegetarian lifestyle But the overall food footprint of the region shall stay within its boundary.
Goa, like India today, will continue as a Respecting water earmarked for irrigation shall create rural-urban partnership.
subsistence economy. 7, 41, 63, 56

Water security can be achieved by:

• Demanding less (by conservation and efficient use)
• Harvesting at all scales (from the plateau and roofs)
• Storing (in ponds, tanks and aquifers)
• Treating pipes as two-way conduits (recycling white, gray, black, and green water)

Every water consumer is also a producer

GOA 2100
12
Cultivating brackish-water rice in Khazan land is
water conserving. Biotechnology will be harnessed to
develop species that require less water.

The Sustainability Transition implies the

resurgence of forest cover and mangroves, and enables
The water availability determines the regeneration of biodiversity and springs.
sustainable land cover (sheets 7 through 9) and
Ecological sewage treatment produces (in succession): sets the roof area requirements for the urban
algae, snails, carp, high value flowers, prawns and fish. nuclei.

. . . unless every raindrop is harvested and recycled many times

211
 The Sustainability Transition leapfrogs into the 22nd century by containing Energy demand using Factor 4
efficiencies
India: a coal [Link]
. . oil economy with a high pool of non-commercial of energy. •2004 Local electrical grids become legal
77

with
• communidade empowerment
• 2006 Ella becomes node for
manufacturing with a
•gas pipeline (and coal), rail, road and
water
• 2010 Wind turbine manufacturing plant
commissioned in Ella
• 2014 Nerul converts to Metal Hydride
storage with
• ultra-high frequency distribution and grid
backup
• 2018 Fuel Cells displace combustion
GHG emitting technologies dominate the supply today; China is an equivalent energy economy. engines for mobile,
Biomass keeps the poor of India alive, but endangers forests (though the poor do not denude forests; • low temperature, processes
exploitative industry does this with a ferocious efficiency). • 2020 Offshore wind farms overtake
terrestrial power
Energy demand scenarios: • production; investment by Panjim, Dona
GOA 2100

• BAU would demand impractically high carbon sinks globally, especially if China is included. 4 Paula, and Miramar
• Practical conservation and conscious, ethical limitations can restrict demand with an acceptable future • 2030 Chorao begins neighborhood Tri-
Sustainability Energy Transition scenario of generating
lifestyle. 10, 30, 42, 43, 48, 50
13

Greater Panjim @ US 50 per person per day • fuel cells for stationary, high
(equivalent to gas costs): temperature, processes

Water (and land) for biomass growth

can be deployed for either food or energy
in a tropical economy. Drawing on
offshore resources in a post-fossil fuel era
India: Two scenarios for increase of per capita consumption along with technologies like wind harnessing
with population increase does not reduce the biomass growth
• Business-as-usual: 10 x today per capita (16 x gross), 6500 W/c potential of the land. These are financially
• Sustainability Transition: 2.5 x today per capita (4 x gross), 1500 W/c viable, first-choice technologies requiring
rapid deployment. 42, 45, 46

. . . and meeting it with decentralized production and renewable energy within a Hydrogen economy
212
Intelligently networked public Mobility systems . . .
Containerised goods movement: on Fluid transfer: Metal hydride, water and
common rapid transport network using micro to heat transfer: on intelligent co-axial pipeline
full size containers with wireless tagging, systems within the communidade
automated mode transfer and door-to-door
routing

Least (life cycle) cost systems using a unique mix of water,

rail and pedestrian carriageways for both passengers and goods.
Integrated high-density multi-modal systems mix high efficiency with
accessibility 29, 68

Inter-communidade
Local travel on pedestrian and point-to-point

GOA 2100
child-friendly walkways: walking, cycling, common rapid transport
skating combined with fuel cell based network: a hypertram
personal carriers, moving pavements ring rail with hyperbus

14
and escalators 38, 89 extension to low-
density routes
The mean transit interlaced with solar river ferries and hydrogen
time between locations powered hydrofoils
in the city is 20 min
and the maximum 45
min

Turn around times control the size of cells and their nuclei

The flexibility, weatherproofing and personalization of the

personal car provided through a satellite-networked,
information-rich transportation system providing mobility Innovative transportation design
according to plan or on demand with online, context-sensitive, enables urban consolidation to optimal
dynamic tariffs densities and prevents cancerous
ribbon development. A phased
Inter-city: high-speed links development plan permits flexible
• high-speed city-centre rail interchange makes air travel largely redundant, extension based on communidade and
• central rail line reduces traffic density on the interstate expressway that is buffered by a 0.5 km wide demand growth without being
green zone, financially unviable.
• container ships from adjoining port service offshore areas and national and international trade

. . . can provide better service quality than the inefficient personal car
213
 Urban space and building form affects water and energy security . . .
A range of real cases were analyzed for current and future potential for more substantially harvesting
water, heat and electricity in this climate, lifestyle and geography.
The estimates were expressed against reduced future demand along with better technology, as a
logarithm of the excess or shortfall of each resource, so as to make them comparable.

150 to 300 persons per Hectare (ppH) densities are most secure, but better lower than that density
than higher
Two to five stories is secure, but better single story than high-rise
Covered area per person or ground coverage is not closely related to security, but Floor Area Ratio
(FAR) from 50% to 150% provides optimal security, a lower FAR being better than higher

It is easier to be secure on water by following these principles than

on energy Thermal security is easier to achieve than electrical autonomy
Settlement structure and morphology, building height and density strongly
affect the potential for local harnessing of food, water and energy. There
GOA 2100

is an optimal set of settlement parameters that enable sustainability. This

often matches the best vernacular forms.
15

. . . allowing autonomous decentralized harnessing of resources . . .

. . . yielding tangible pointers for planning a sustainable city

214
Living urban nuclei, at the heart of each communidade . . .
High investment, intensive, static components are concentrated in the center.
A spine-like linear arrangement links static components.
A hub connects the spine to nuclei, at the heart of each communidade in other
cells.

GOA 2100
16
Pedestrian and cycle pathways enable horizontal movement.
Nature interpenetrates the body of the nucleus.
Each nucleus is bounded to prevent cancerous growth.
These skins inter-connect with the surrounding RUrban environment.
Walking time from one end to the other determines scale.

The spine provides all up-and-down mobility, mostly automated.

Networked services run through a subterranean tunnel.
Arterial goods and services networks also recycle waste.
The body of the nucleus is flexible, its density can swell or shrink.
responding to changing population and economic needs.

. . . celebrate the static and dynamic in a city

215
 The nucleus of Nerul, c. 2050 . . .
GOA 2100
17

. . . a leisure communidade, which has no waste. No need to clean up after the party!
216
Nerul’s structure . . .

GOA 2100
18
217
 19 GOA 2100

218
GOA 2100 20
219
GOA 2100
21

Grafting a Sustainability Transition on an existing urban pattern…

220
Principles of Sustainable RUrbanism
This project is one of the few attempts since the late A Dynamic Fractal Morphology 6, 53
1970s to develop an integrative theory of design that
views cities as ecosystems that span from the city Cellular structure: nuclei, cores, spines and skins Hierarchical Six Tactics to manage physical
neighborhood to regional scale over a century-long time networks adapting to topography Optimal densities, settlement stocks and flows 38, 89, 56
horizon. A few heuristic insights from the process: 2, 6, 11, 12, structure and heights enabling security Contiguous and hyperlinked
56, 64
with interpenetration of living nets Dynamic consolidation and
Use less with Factor 4 technologies for supply and
nucleation around fractal boundaries and surfaces
social limits of sufficiency and equity on demand
Grow your own, tapping harvestable yields as
Three Goals 10, 11, 23,48, 84 autonomously as possible
Build two-way networks for security; every consumer
Well-being of all people, communities and
is also a producer
ecosystems (Sufficiency and Equity), using a minimal
Store a lot because renewable resource yields are
throughput of matter-energy-information (Efficiency), with
often diurnal and seasonal
least impact on nature, society and future generations
Transport less and over shorter distances using
(Sustainability)
least life-cycle cost technologies
E-change using intelligent wireless networks to
enable real-time trade and delivery of goods

GOA 2100
Five Strategies for Land-use
Management 9, 56, 41, 71

22
Enable a long-term ecological transition from forest
>> cropland >> city >> forest
Design the landscape first; situate the city in the
Seven Organizing Principles 10, 22, 48, 50, 53 interstitial niches
Land-use transition ‘rules’ governed by the demand
Satisfying the basic human needs of all people and for ecosystem services, resource potential, natural
providing them an equal opportunity to realize their human ecological succession and contiguity
potential. Identify static and dynamic elements in the city,
Material needs should be met materially and non- Five Currencies for Five Capitals 51, 59 design the former, and provide a dynamic vocabulary for
material needs non-materially. the latter to co-evolve with the landscape
Renewable resources should not be used faster than Devolve governance and taxation to the lowest
their regeneration rates. viable level
Non-renewable resources should not be used faster
than their substitution rates by renewable resources
Pollution and waste should not be produced faster
than the rate of absorption, recycling or transformation
The Precautionary principle should be applied where
the ‘response’ time is potentially less than the ‘respite’
time ‘Free-energy’ and resources should be available to
enable redundancy, resilience and reproduction

221
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 “I Was extremely curious to see how the competitors would “The entries into the competition, they were visionary, they were
approach that challenge of reducing the per-capita urban footprints by positive, they were imaginative, and they were inspiring…I commend, in
something like a factor of four....I think the demands and my intellectual particular, the Goa and the Vancouver initiatives for attempting to look at
hopes were particularly well covered by the Canadian and Indian teams what goes on inside the city, builds it footprints and problems for other
both of tem stressing the need for a major reduction and demand for people at other times and other places.”
natural resources from outside.”
Prof. Stephen Graham
Prof. Ernst Ulrich von Weizacker Newcastle University, UK
Member of Parliament, Germany

“Decoupling environmental pressure from

economic growth while continuing to satisfy human
need and also make higher living standards,
require and integral effort….Changing the people’s
daily life might be a lot harder than we
GOA 2100

though….The Indian team says an interesting

thing: it all (the solution) lies with people rather than
(only) the system. How do we change our minds?
25

How do we change our value systems? This is at

the heart of the sustainability problem.”

“I think it (Goa 2100) has a very interesting approach, considering Dr Haikyung Shin
the lifestyles that you must change, elimination of the traditional (role of) Planner and Sociologist, Korea
money and replacing it by time (as on organizing principle).”

Cassio Taniguchi
Mayor of Curitiba, Brazil

“In terms of environmental sustainability, the Indian team had a very precise definition,
which was very well appreciated by Jury members.”

Prof. S. Itoh, emeritus

Tokyo University & SUSD jury chair

Winner of Special Jury Award, Sustainable Cities International Urban Design Competition.
224
Team:
Rahul Mehrotra, Rahul Mehrotra Associates, Bombay
Sanjay Prakash, Sanjay Prakash & Associates, Delhi
Aromar Revi, TARU, Delhi
Dr. Anupam Saraph, Institute for Change Research, Goa
Rahul Gore, _Opolis, Bombay Acknowledgements:
Kapil Gupta, Contemporary Urban, Bombay The Goa 2100 team wishes to thank
G K Bhat, TARU, Hyderabad the following institutions:

Associates: RIVM, Netherlands for the use of

Amit K. Singh, TARU, Delhi the IMAGE 2.2 implementation of
Ujjwala Moghe, Sanjay Prakash & Associates, Allahabad the SRES scenarios to benchmark
Vikas Sharma, Contemporary Urban, Bombay global trends for the 21st century
Santosh Thorat, Contemporary Urban, Bombay
Meeta Lele, Contemporary Urban, Bombay Stockholm Environment
Samyukth Shenbaga, Sanjay Prakash & Associates, Delhi Institute-Boston for permission
Advait Potnis, Contemporary Urban, Bombay to use the Polestar model to
Russel Alvares, Contemporary Urban, Bombay explore sustainability scenarios
Parag Shah, Contemporary Urban, Bombay for Goa
Malay Das, TARU, Delhi

GOA 2100
Akanksha Mahendru, _Opolis, Bombay The Balaton Group for
Dhiraj Naik, _Opolis, Bombay twenty-two years of support to
Rajeshwari Prakash, TARAhaat, Delhi cutting-edge thinking and action
Allan Stanley, Mahiti, Bangalore towards a more sustainable world

26
Robi Dey, College of Art, Delhi
Cities from where the team members, associates and advisors worked
Sameer Rajadnya, TARAhaat, Delhi

Advisors:
Dr. Chaman Lal Gupta, Solagni, Pondicherry
Dr. Ashok Khosla, Development Alternatives, Delhi
Dr. V. V. N. Kishore, TERI, Delhi
Atam Kumar, Novel Energy, Delhi
Anil Misra, Solar Energy Society of India, Delhi
Prof. Dinesh Mohan, IIT, Delhi
Dr. Geetam Tiwari, IIT, Delhi
George C. Varughese, Development
Alternatives, Delhi
Dr. R. L. Sawhney, School of Energy & Environmental Studies,
DAVV, Indore
Dr. David Satterthwaithe, International Institute for Environment
and Development, London
Alan AtKisson, AtKisson Inc., Stockholm

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 27 GOA 2100

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