Issue of National

Integration
Concept of National Integration

 National Integration is the determination of the people aimed at living

together sharing traditions, ideals, culture, history, religion, language and
customs.
 National integration cannot be artificially created but it evolves as a result of
a process of social and economic justice along with democratic political
pluralism.
 Cultural, lingual and religious variations exist in many countries of the world
but it is the wise and prudent leadership which provides a sense of
participation, opportunities for progress and development. 
Factors Affecting National
Integration
Culture

 Culture is described as "a way of life, especially the beliefs and customs of
specific group of people at a particular time”.
 National integration in multi-cultural societies has been an attempt to forge
“unity in diversity”, pursuing to minimize socio-cultural differences and
implementing uniformity despite cultural diversity of even a complex nature.
Language

 In multilingual civilizations and societies, language is an extremely important

tool which has inbuilt paradox of unifying the nation by promoting national
consciousness and unity or disintegrating the fabrics of society by creating a
sense of alienation and marginalization.
 The traumatic incident of separation of East-Pakistan as Bangladesh had its
origins in the language riots, which later transformed into full-fledged
rebellion against the West Pakistan.
Religion

 Religious harmony with interfaith dialogue and accommodation is an essential

requirement for furthering national integration.
 Enduring harmony and sustainable national solidarity can only be built on
ethical values which protect human dignity.
 Religious freedom is right of every citizen and earnest obligation of every
government.
 This freedom must be ensured and respected, as it has enormous potential for
national integration therefore; mutual respect and religious freedom have
enormous potential for enhancing national integration.
Ethnicity

 Ethnicity is a challenging factor, whose character is conflictual instead of

being consensual.
 It is a conscious conduct established on identity or loyalty, which is aimed at
advancing the interests of the group or the individuals.
 One example can be quoted form the United States, where diverse ethnic
groups and nationalities of different backgrounds are blended together to
form one American identity and shared values of enjoying equal democratic
rights.
Challenges of National Integration in
Pakistan
Language Issue

 After promulgation of Urdu as a national language of then united Pakistan,

East Pakistanis strongly protested demanding Bengali as an official language
for East Pakistan.
 This eventually became a political movement in 1952, however, its
subsequent handling led to violent conflicts with security forces and
ultimately triggered sequential events, which resulted in the dismemberment
of Pakistan in 1971.
 The years between 1947 and 1971 were traumatic and highly destabilizing for
the integration of federation.
 However the subsequent years were devoted towards consolidating the West
Pakistan.
Regional Identities

 Growing inclination towards regional identities instead of united Pakistan was

another challenge.
 Pushtonistan in erstwhile Frontier Province, Sindhu Desh in Sindh Province and
several sub-nationalist groups were operating in Balochistan.
 All such elements were supported by India, Afghanistan and other international
agencies with the aim of keeping Pakistan in perpetual state of destabilization.
 While Pushtonistan and Sindhu Desh issues have been handled pragmatically by
each successive government in Pakistan, however, sporadic incidents of attacks on
innocent civilian and government installations in Balochistan are still going on at a
low scale.
 While several political initiatives by the governments are appreciable, however,
more efforts are required to take the reconciliation process to a logical conclusion.
Ideological Identity

 After 73 years of independence, voices are still resounding that revolve

around political and ideological construct of the State and the role that Islam
has to play in it.
 Unfortunately, the historical precedence empirically proves that Islamic
ideology as founding father’s vision, socialism during era of 1970s,
Islamization during 1980s and moderate Islam during years 1999 onwards have
kept us debating on the very fundamentals of our identity
Sectarianism and Extremism

 The underlying issue in Pakistan has been delegation of religious interpretation to madrassa
trained clergy, which provided them the exclusivity and monopoly over religious issues.
 Matters worsened in post Afghan Jihad scenario, when due to indulgence of external
players the religiously divisive forces thrived.
 Over a period of time, sectarianism has evolved as the most intricate challenge to
Pakistan’s security and stability.
 Seeds of conflict were sown when various religious denominations gave divergent
interpretations of Islam and insisted on the sole validity of their respective understanding
of faith.
 Instead of serving as a unifying force such myopic religious discourse has acted as a
constituent of division and disharmony in Pakistani
 Subsequent developments resulted in promoting extremism, militancy, terrorism and
hatred within Pakistan further complicating the integration process.
Economic Disparity

 Additionally, imbalanced provision of resources, uneven infrastructural and

industrial developments and lack of employment opportunities.
 All this resulted in uneven development, disparity in economic well-being of
people and the created space was exploited by sub nationalists.
 The lack of development especially in Balochistan and Tribal Areas, which are
the poorest regions with under-developed infrastructure and lack of economic
opportunities, therefore, poverty levels are highest in these areas.
 Thus lackadaisical approach by successive governments has generated
alienation among the population and triggered militancy with serious
consequences and repercussions affecting national integration.
National Integration and Political
Development
 Political development in the new states is based on national integration as a
two-dimensional problem, i.e., the resolution of regional cleavages and the
creation of an over-arching set of political values.
 After Pakistan had been formed, regional forces and diverse ideological
groups emerged.
 The critical factor in political development in the new states-the
achievement of national identity-has not yet been solved in Pakistan.
 y. Tensions and conflicts generated in the process of economic modernization
could not be serious in West Pakistan because of the strong Islamic moorings
of the people there, but the modernization process has created deep-rooted
frustrations in East Pakistan.
 For strengthening the process of national integration, it is necessary to
develop a system at national level, which has potential to provide a sense of
satisfaction to all regional sub- systems.
 All the segments of society should be given an opportunity to participate in
the national political system. So they can feel they are part of main stream
and have share in policy making process to satisfy their needs.
 Integration means the amalgamation of different social, cultural and
ideological group loyalties into a single compact community, representing a
national outlook.
 A stable national community can only be developed when different segments
of society positively participate in the policy making process and eliminate
their minor differences for playing an important role at the main stream.