Presented to Madam Zunaira Aziz

Presented by Group
 Objectives
After the presentation the listeners will be able to:
 know the anatomy and physiology of respiratory system
 Introduction

 The major goal of respiration is to maintain ventilation which

consists of these four processes:

1. Pulmonary ventilation : which means the inflow and outflow of

air between the atmosphere and the lung alveoli

2. Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli

and the blood
 Introduction…

3. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and body

fluids to and from the body’s tissue cells.

4. Regulation of ventilation and other aspects of respiration.

 Anatomy
 Gas-exchanging organ

 Normal human breathes 12 to 15 times a minute

 500 ml of air per breath

 250 ml of o2 enters the body per minute and 200 ml of co2 is excreted

 Traces of other gases

 Methane from the intestines

 Alcohol and acetone

 250 different volatile substances

 Ventilating the lungs

External respiration is the

process of inhaling oxygen
into the lungs, and exhaling
carbon dioxide. That process
Internal respiration is the metabolic
includes the ventilation of the
process by which living cells use
lungs and the exchange of air
blood flowing through the
in the lungs and blood within
capillaries, absorbing the oxygen (O2
the capillaries of the alveoli
)they need and releasing the carbon
of the lungs.
dioxide (CO )they create.
 When O2 level in blood decreases

Stimulates the peripheral chemoreceptors

Transmission of impulses to respiratory centers

Activation of respiratory centers

Increases the Activities of respiration (rate & depth)

Increases alveolar ventilation

Increases the uptake of O2

Thereby increases the level of O2 in blood

 The conchae passages lead to the
passageway called the pharnyx. Here, the
ear is connected to the sinuses, the ears
through the eustachian tubes, and even the
eyes through the nasolacrimal ducts.
The palatine (palate) bones and maxilla
(upper jaw bone) separate the nasal
cavities from the mouth cavity. Cilia
(hairs) line the mucous membrane. About
1 qt. of mucous is produced daily.

Maxillae
 The pharynx is the correct
term for the throat. It is a
muscular and membranous
tube that is about 5 inches
long, extending downward
from the base of the skull. It
eventually becomes the
esophagus.
The nasopharynx is behind the nose; the
oropharynx is behind the mouth; the
laryngopharynx is behind the larynx.
 There are 7 openings into the
pharynx.

In the nasopharynx, there are two

openings from the eustachian
tubes of the ear, and two openings
from the posterior nares of the
nose.
In the oropharnyx is one opening
from the mouth.
 The pharynx also
contains 3 pairs of
tissues that are part
of the lymphatic
system:
1. the pharyngeal tonsils… the adenoids
2. the palatine tonsils
3. the lingual tonsils
The pharynx has 3 functions:
1.serves as a passageway for air
2.serves as a passageway for food
3. aids in phonation by changing its shape.
 The larynx, commonly called the
voicebox, is located at the upper
end of the trachea, below the root
of the tongue and hyoid bone. It is
lined with mucous membrane.

The larynx contains vocal

cords, which produce sound.
Short, tense vocal cords produce high notes;
long relaxed vocal cords produce low notes.
 Epiglottis
We can see several of the
cartilage structures of the Thyroid
cartilage
larynx in this side view:
1. The thyroid cartilage or
Adam’s apple is usually
larger in the male, allowing
longer vocal cords and
Cricoid
contributing to a deeper male cartilage
voice
2. The epiglottis covers the entrance of the
larynx while swallowing, to avoid choking
3.The cricoid (KRY koid) cartilage contains the
vocal cords
 The trachea or windpipe is
a smooth, muscular tube
leading from the larynx to
the main bronchi.

C-shaped rings
Trachea of cartilage
provide
Cartilage rings prevent protection on the
crushing of the trachea front and sides
The trachea is the passageway for air to and from
the lungs. It is lined with cilia (hairs), which
sweep foreign matter out of the pathway. It is only
about 1 inch in diameter and 4 ½ inches long.
The bronchi are the
two main branches
at the bottom of the
trachea, providing
passageway for air
to the lungs. The
trachea divides
into the right
bronchus and the As the branches of the
left bronchus, and bronchial tree get smaller,
then divides further the 2 primary bronchi
into the bronchial become bronchioles, and
tree. then very small alveolar
(al VEE ah ler) ducts.
 The left bronchi is
smaller than the right
bronchi, because room
is needed to
accommodate the heart.

If a foreign body is inhaled

or aspirated (drawn by
suction), it usually lodges
in the larger right bronchi
(as shown in this Xray) or
enters the right lung.
In the presence of infection, the bronchi sometimes become
inflamed, resulting in a diagnosis of bronchitis.
The lungs are two spongy organs
located in the thorax. They
consist of elastic tissue, filled
with an interlacing network of
tubes and sacs that carry air and
blood vessels that carry blood.

Each lung is divided into lobes,

the right lung into 3 lobes and
the left lung into 2. The left lung
has an indentation called the
cardiac depression or notch…
for placement of the heart.
 At the end of each bronchiole
are the alveoli. The lungs
contain about 300 million
alveoli sacs, which are the air
cells where the exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide
takes place with the capillaries.
.

Deoxygenated blood comes

in and drops off CO2;
oxygenated blood goes out.
Lined by two types of epithelial cells
Type I cells
Flat Cells With Large Cytoplasmic Extensions
95% of the alveolar epithelial surface area
Type II cells
Granular pneumocytes
Thicker and contain numerous lamellar inclusion bodies
Secrete surfactant
Alveolar repair & other cellular physiology
Specialized cells : pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs, or AMs),
lymphocytes, plasma cells, neuroendocrinecells, and mast cells
Heparin, various lipids, histamine, and various proteases that
participate in allergic reactions
 The base of the lungs rest on the
diaphragm, a muscular wall separating
the thorax from the abdominal cavity. It
is involved in respiration, drawing
downward in the chest during
inhalation, and pushing upward during
exhalation.
Tidal volume refers to the amount of air
inhaled or exhaled during normal
breathing… about 500 ml.
Total lung capacity is 5800ml in an average
male.
 Pathogens, white
cells and immune
proteins present
during an infection
may cause the air
sacs to become
inflamed and filled
with fluid.
This is characteristic of pneumonia. If both lungs
are involved, it is termed as double pneumonia.
If someone is unconscious, it’s possible to aspirate
stomach contents into the lungs, causing aspiration
pneumonia.
 Vital signs, essential
elements for determining
an individual’s state of
health, include
temperature, pulse,
respiration, and blood
pressure. A deviation
from normal of any or all
of the vital signs indicates
The normal respiration a state of illness, and can
rate for a 5 year old is be used by the physician
20-25 breaths per in a diagnosis, prognosis
minute; for someone (prospects of survival and
15 years or older is 15- recovery), and treatment.
20 breaths per minute.